ChaptersixInternationalcargotransport6.1.ModesofTransport...

1、我国a公司与某国b公司于2004年10月20日签订购买52500吨化肥的. cfr合同。a公司开出信用证规定， . 时起火，造成部分化肥烧毁。船长在命令救火过程中又造成部分化肥湿 .本文档由无尘大哥上传至豆丁网chapter six: international cargo transport 6.1. modes of transport 6.2. general considerations on cargo transport 6. 3. major transport documents 6.4. clause of shipment v what are the major type

2、s of transportation? v can you describe the advantages and disadvantages of the modes of transportation you have mentioned?v what should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation? overviewthe concept of delivery the seller delivers the contracted goods at the agreed time, place and

3、in the agreed manner to the buyer. in international trade, the delivery also means to transport the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer. the former is called physical delivery of goods, which is applied in sales under e terms and d terms, while the later is called symbolic delive

4、ry of goods, which is applied in the sales under f terms and d terms.6.1. modes of transport (international cargo transportation) (1) features of ocean transport(2) operational modes of ocean transport(3) freight ratesfeatures of ocean transport j advantages: the easy passage since about 70% of the

5、earth is covered by water. large capacity. the unit distribution cost reduced. good adaptability to cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc. l disadvantages: the low passage of ocean transport. vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport.1) liner transport（班

6、轮运输）2) charter transport 租船运输 （tramp shipping)不定期船运输 the practice of paying money to a shipping company to use their boats. much cheaper than that of the liner. shippers may choose direct route. widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.charter transport freight is a special unit used in calculating

7、charges that must be paid for shipping the cargo. freight is collected in different ways. shippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce, if possible, the cost of transport. ocean freight may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight. liner freightbasic freight

8、 rates1）weight重量法: for items marked with “w” in the tariff, the freight thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton).2) measurement体积法: for items marked with “m”, the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton).3) ad val.从价法: for it

9、ems marked with “ad val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned. for some valuable goods like gold, silver, expensive fur, usually 1-5% of the price.4) weight or measurement， w/m or ad val ，w/m plus ad val（选择法）5）per head、per unit（按件法）6）open rate 议

10、定法surcharges bunker surcharge/bunker adjustment factor (b.a.f.燃料附加费 ) devaluation surcharge/currency adjustment factor (c.a.f.货币 贬值附加费) transshipment surcharge direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcharge(绕航附加费) how to calculate

11、 liner freight select relevant freight list/freight tariff determine the freight basis and class of the goods find the basic freight in the freight grades list according to the sailing route, port of shipment and destination find the types of receivable surcharges add surcharges to basic rate to get

12、 actual freight freight = actual freight x freight toncharter freightoperational procedure of ocean transport for exportworld-famous shipping companies v 澳大利亚国家航运公司 澳国航运 anl v 美国总统轮船（中国）有限公司 美国总统 aplv 波罗的海航运公司 波罗的海 bolv 中国远洋集装箱运输有限公司 中远集运 cosconv 长荣香港有限公司上海办事处 香港长荣 emc v 香港航运有限公司 香港海运 hkmsh v 现代商船株式

13、会社上海代表处 现代商船 hmmv 川崎汽船（中国）有限公司 川崎汽船 kline v 上海天海货运有限公司 天海货运 tmsc v 东航船务有限公司 东航船务 tohov 日本邮船有限公司 日本邮船nykv 东方海外货柜航运有限公司 东方海外ooclv 上海国际轮渡有限公司 国际轮渡sfcov 中海发展股份有限公司 中海发展csdv 中外运（集团）总公司 中外运sinotrans2. air transporttypes of air transport servicesfour categories: scheduled airlines 班机运输 chartered carriers 包

14、机运输 consolidated consignments by freight forwarders 集中托运 air express service / desk to desk service 航空速递(1) scheduled airlines: operating on a scheduled service, over a fixed airline and between fixed airports, suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seasonal goods.(2) chartered carriers: the hir

15、e of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver cargoes, ideal for carrying cargoes of large quantities or carrying cargoes of different shippers to the same destination.(3) consolidated consignments: the air freight forwarder usually assembles a number of individual shipments into one

16、consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill. a consolidated shipment made up by several shipments can be dispatched to one common destination. many shippers prefer this kind of shipment as the freight rate is 7%-10% lower than that of a scheduled airline. (4) air express service : the express

17、 service provided by air freight forwarders specializing in this line of business between consignors, airports and users, suitable for urgently needed articles and important documentsairline ratesv air freight is normally collected according to actual weight for heavy cargo or measurement weight for

18、 large volume cargo. the rates are normally quoted per kilogram. the air freight excludes other charges such as customs fees and storage fees.v in order to stimulate traffic, different types of air freight rates are designed. for instance, general cargo rates are the basic rates. specific commodity

19、rates are reduced rates applicable to a wide range of commodities specified in the tariff of the carrier. if no commodity rate is available for cargoes like live animals, human remains or valuable cargoes, classification rates apply.airline ratesv m/w (subject to the higher rate)v four types of airl

20、ine rates: - general cargo rate (g.c.r.)一般货物运价 - specific cargo rate (s.c.r.)特种货物运价 - class rate (c.r.)等级运价 - unitized consignments rate (u.c.r)v characteristics of airline rates: - one-way freight from one airport to another - delivery charges, customs charges and storage charges excluded - publici

21、zed in local currency - measurement unit is kilo or pound - fluctuate in line with market conditionsthe division of responsibilities of the parties concerned in the air freightsome airlines in the world rail transportv international railway through transport - under one rail consignment note - shipp

22、er or consignee not involved when goods are transiting the countries siberia transcontinental railway eurasia transcontinental railway railway transport to hong kong and macaov domestic rail transport road transport containerizationcontainerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitiz

23、ed form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. it is the most modern form of physical international distribution and overall is highly efficient in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, advanced technology and so on.features of containerization:j advantages v increase the eff

24、iciency of handlingv improve the transportation qualityv save operating costsv simplify delivery formalitiesv promote multi-modal transportationcontainers and container transportthe majority of containers are built to the iso specification. the 20-foot and 40-foot containers are most popular. (8 x 8

25、 x 40 and 8 x 8 x 20). the container capacity is measured in teus (twenty-feet equivalence units). containers of other sizes and capacities are also available but not widely used. three major types of containers: 8 x 8 x 40 (ia); 8.6 x 8 x 40(iaa); 8 x 8 x 20 (ic)container transport containerization

26、 offers: a door to door service under fcl/fcl（整装整拆）, door to container freight station (cfs) service under fcl/lcl（整装拼拆） cfs to cfs service under lcl/lcl（拼装拼拆） cfs to door service under lcl/fcl （拼装整拆） container freight v based on container capacity/origin and destination of the merchandisev inland t

27、ransportation cost is includedv based on the type of commodityv for lcl, each commodity is charged separately for the freight international multi-modal transportv at least two modes of transportv one contract, one transport document, one operator, one freight ratev use of containers j advantages hig

28、h efficiency good quality cost and time saving economy and simplicity of documentation6.2. general considerations on cargo transport(1） reliability(2）speed and frequency(3）cost6.3 major transport documentsv bill of ladingv consignment note (for rail and road)v air waybillv combined transport documen

29、ts (ctd)bill of lading (b/l)1. definition and functiona bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as: 1) a receipt of the goods(货物收据) 2) a document of title(物权凭证) 3) the evidence of the contract between the consignor and the carrier (运输契约的证明) bill of lading (b/l) a bill of lading (b/l) is us

30、ed for sea shipment and is a certificate of ownership of goods. it must be produced at the port of final destination by the importer in order to claim goods.as a document of title, the bill of lading is also a negotiable document and you may sell the goods by endorsing or handing it over to another

31、authorized party, even while the goods are still at sea.although negotiable bills of lading are in common use, some countries do not allow them or make it difficult for them to be used. you have to be sure that a negotiable b/l is accepted in your country. otherwise, a non-negotiable b/l is issued.t

32、he b/l is a formal, signed receipt for a specified number of packs, which is given to the export agent by the shipping line when the shipping line receives the consignment. if the cargo is apparently in good order and properly packed when received by the shipping line, the bill of lading, is deemed

33、as clean. the ship owner thus accepts full liability for the cargo described in the bill.v see sample b/l2. types of b/las per whether the goods are shipped on board:v shipped (on board) b/l已装船提单v received for shipment b/l备运提单as per whether the b/l is clean or not:v clean b/lv unclean/foul b/lunclea

34、n b/l can not used for negotiation. as per the modes of transportv direct b/l直达提单v transshipment b/l转船提单v through b/l联运提单v liner b/l班轮提单v container b/lv combined b/las per the content of the b/lv long form b/l全式提单v short form b/l简式提单as per the effect of b/lv original b/l)正本提单v copy b/l副本提单 as per th

35、e issuing date of b/lv on deck b/l甲板提单 when cargo is placed on the deck of a ship for delivery, an on deck b/l is given to the exporter when the ship leaves port. v stale b/l过期提单 bills presents to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods

36、are due at the port of destination v ante-dated b/l倒签提单 when the actual shipment date is later than that stipulated in the l/c, the carrier sometimes, at the shippers request, issues a b/l with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. v advanced b/l预借

37、提单 when the expiry date of the l/c is due but the exporter hasnt yet got the goods ready for shipment. the purpose of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the l/c. anti-dated b/l &advanced b/l 倒签提单和预借提单被认为是典型的海运欺诈行为。不论出于什么原因，承运人通过倒签和预借提单，总是向收货人或提单持

38、有人传达了一个关于装船时间的虚假情况。如果是应托运人的要求所为，那么从买卖关系上说，承运人则是帮助卖方掩盖了未能按时交运的违约事实。倒签和预借提单的主要原因是卖方不能按照买卖合同的约定时间交运货物，有时也因为承运人船期延误。分析:倒签提单是一种违法行为，一旦被识破，产生的后果是严重的。但是在国际贸易中，倒签提单的情况相当普遍。尤其是当延期时间不多的情况下，还是有许多出口商会铤而走险。当倒签的日子较长的情况出现，就容易引起买方怀疑，最终可以通过查阅船长的航行日志或者班轮时刻表等途径加以识破。case study (2) 我国a公司与某国b公司于2004年10月20日签订购买52500吨化肥的 cfr合同。a公司开出信用证规定，装船期限为2005年1月1日至1月10 日，由于b公司租来运货的“顺风号”轮在开往某外国港口途中遇到飓风，结 果装运2005年1月20日才完成。承运人在取得b公司出具的保函的情况下 签发了与信用证条款致的提单。“顺风号”轮于1月21日驶离装运港。a公 司为这批货物投保了水渍险。2005年1月30日“顺风号”轮途经巴拿马运河 时起火，造成部分化肥烧毁。船长