阅读理解解题技巧主旨大意(公开课)1

1、2009届高考英语专题复习How to Grasp the Main Idea of a Passage in Reading and WritingPart one How to grasp the main idea of a passage-In reading part标题类试题常见的题干形式标题类试题常见的题干形式(1) The best title for this passage is .(2) The suitable headline for this passage may be(3) The title that best expresses the idea of th

2、e passage is .(4) Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?(体现概括性体现概括性, 避免远离主题避免远离主题)主旨题主旨题标题类标题类文章主旨文章主旨段落主旨段落主旨2. 文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式 (1) What is the passage mainly about? (2) The passage talks about . (3) The passage tells us that . (4) This passage mainly deals with

3、. (5) Whats the main idea / topic of the passage?(体现全面性体现全面性, 避免以偏概全避免以偏概全)3. 段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式 (1) The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that . (2) What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? (3) Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one? (4) Whats the ma

4、in idea discussed in the first paragraph?(体现针对性体现针对性, 避免张冠李戴避免张冠李戴) 解题解题技巧技巧技巧一：识别文体技巧一：识别文体技巧二：技巧二： 找关联词找关联词技巧三技巧三: 抓线索抓线索技巧四技巧四: 找高频词找高频词技巧一：识别文体技巧一：识别文体新闻报道新闻报道导语提携全文导语提携全文议论文议论文 总总-分分-总总（论点论据结论）（论点论据结论）说明文说明文主题句主题句（首中尾）（首中尾）记叙文记叙文记叙文六要素记叙文六要素 On 26 January,Australia Day , in over 200 locations a

5、cross the nation, more than 9,000 people will become Australian citiziens. “By these citizenship ceremonies we welcome those who have come from overseas from many different cultural and social backgrounds into our communities and our nation,” said the Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affai

6、rs. “ Australia Day celebrations that include people from so many birthplaces are an excellent way to encourage tolerance, respect and friendship among all the people of Australia.” Most citizenship ceremonies will be followed by displays of singing and dancing from many of the migrants homelands an

7、d the tasting of food from all over the world. On Australia Day,_. A. people sing and dance together B. people enjoy Australia food C. some people from overseas were accepted as the citizens in Australia D. people can travel all over Australia Eg.2 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Exper

8、iments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Wh

9、ether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?议论文议论文总总-分分-总总55What is the main idea ?A. cigarette smoking can cause cancerB. smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease(illness) C. smoking also can cause other health problemsD. smoking i

10、s harmful. DTypes Of Paragraph StructurestypeThe position of the topicAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clear topic sentenceEg.3 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and uncon

11、ditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the int

12、roduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a

13、 headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of t

14、he four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class. The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.What is mainly discussed in the text? eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help

15、children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says

16、it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils

17、 are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended

18、 each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.Examp

19、le and success of the program eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain conf

20、idence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on th

21、e idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started

22、 “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the

23、library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.Example and success of the program59. What is mainly discussed in the text? A. Childrens reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs. C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program. Eg.4

24、 Mrs Turners telephone number was 3463;the number of the cinema in her town was 3464, people often made a mistake and telephoned her when they actually wanted the cinema. One evening the telephone bell rang and Mrs Turner answered it . A tired mans voice came over the telephone: ”At what time does y

25、our last film begin?” ”Im sorry”, said Mrs Turner, “but you have the wrong number. This is not the cinema.” “Oh, It began twenty minutes ago, ”said the man.” Im sorry about that. Well, goodbye.” Mrs Turner was very surprised, so she told her husband. He laughed and said,” No, that wasnt a mistake. T

26、he mans wife wanted to go to the cinema, but he was feeling tired, so he telephoned the cinema. His wife heard him, but she didnt hear you. Now they will stay at home this evening, and the husband will be happy!”Why was Mrs Turner surprised? Because the tired man _.A.wanted the cinema but called a w

27、rong number. B.asked her a silly question which she refused to answer C.said something that had nothing to do with her answer. D.was angry with himself for having made a mistake. c Eg.5 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi

28、- -onal criminal. The man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance（so, therefore, thus ,in conclusion, in short,all in all , overall, clearly, plainly, In fact）技巧二：技巧二： 找关联词找关联词 eg.6 If you were planni

29、ng to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hu- -rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A

30、 much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sa

31、le. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale (detail)(detail)(detail)However/ButNot onlybut alsoAlthough/though技巧三技巧三: 从段落中从段落中归纳要点归纳要点抓大意，理清线索抓大意，理清线索. 有些文章或段落无明显的主题句有些文章或段落无明显的主题句, 只是暗示性地体现主只是暗示性地体现主题题. 这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的这就要求考生在阅读过程中

32、根据文中所叙述的事实事实或提供的或提供的线索线索来概括总结主旨大意来概括总结主旨大意 eg.7 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal backg

33、round. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom w

34、as an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail技巧四技巧四: 从段落中从段落中寻找高频率词寻找高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即现的中心词，即高频词高频词，也叫做，也叫做主题词主题词 Eg.9A new eight-kilometer road is un

35、der construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, on

36、e for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and car

37、s and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, whic

38、h include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on o

39、ne side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other sy

40、stems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. 75. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D. the design of two tunnels Eg.1(05全国全国I) MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-Canada border（边界）（边界）to go to church on a Sunda

41、y cost a US citizen 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new security（安全）（安全）rules. 1What would be the best title for the text?AA Cross-country TripBA Special Border PassCAn Unguarded BorderDAn Expensive Church VisitEg.1(05全国全国I) MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-Canada border（边界）（边界）to go to chu

42、rch on a Sunday cost a US citizen 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new security（安全）（安全）rules. The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for A

43、lbert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.There are many such situations in these areas along the largely unguarded 5,530-mile border between Canada and the US-which in some cases actually runs down the middle of streets or through buildings. As a resu

44、lt, Albert says he did not expect any problems three weeks ago when he returned home to the US after attending church in Canada, as usual. The US customs（海关）station in this area is closed on Sundays, so he just drove around the locked gate, as he had done every weekend since the gate appeared last M

45、ay, following a tightening of border security. Two days later. Albert was told to go to the customs office, where an officer told him he had been caught on camera crossing the border illegally（非法）. Ottawa has given out special passes to some 300 US citizens in that area so they can enter the country

46、 when Canadian customs stations are closed, but the US stopped a similar program last May. That forces the people to a 200-mile detour(弯路) along hilly roads to get home through another border checkpoint. Albert has requested that the customs office change their decisions on the fine, but he has not

47、attended a Sunday church since. “I feel like Im living in a prison,” he said.Reasons for the “expensive tour”2. Whats the main idea of paragraph two ? Crossing the US-Canada border was very expensive. B. the expensive trip to church was a surprise .C.the reasons why the church visit is so expensiveD

48、. Albert has requested that the customs office change their decisions .c3.We can infer from the pasagge?A. The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard AlbertB. Albert says he did not expect any problems three weeks ago C. Albert will call on others to fight against it.D. Albert is agains

49、t the strict new security rules.六主旨要义题技巧主旨要义题技巧主旨题遵循主旨题遵循 四字原则四字原则:用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延要注意文章的内涵和外延, 把作者的观点准确地把作者的观点准确地表达出来表达出来. 要排除掉那些片面的选项要排除掉那些片面的选项, 选取包含文章的主要选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项内容及作者观点的选项, 范围不宜过大或过小范围不宜过大或过小.所选择的标题要新颖所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力对读者有吸引力, 能激发读能激发读者的阅读兴趣者的阅读兴趣.Part twoHo

50、w to grasp the main idea of a passage-In Task-Writing The skills are used in writinga summaryHow to write a summary of a passagewith topic sentencewithout clear topic sentence In most countries in the world, advertising is common. You can see posters on doors, signs on buses, pictures in magazines,

51、and commercials on TV. Though these signs of advertising are often disliked, I feel that, overall, advertising has very positive results. The harmful effects of advertising are obvious. When you are listening to beautiful music on the radio, a commercial is disturbing when it interrupts your program

52、 and changes your mood. Television commercials are the worst of all. Your program is stopped, and you are forced to watch an advertisement unless you actively change the channel or leave the room. I think that there should be laws to limit the advertisers right to interrupt TV and radio programs. In

53、 general, however, the positive results of advertisements are beneficial to society and individuals. When you do shopping, you can use advertisements in newspapers to compare prices, features, and quality of the product that you want to buy. By being more informed, you can buy something that will be

54、nefit you in the long run. With advertisements, people save a lot of time in shopping, looking for jobs and so on. All in all, for a wise and educated shopper, the helpful effects of advertising outweighthe harmful effects. Express the main idea of the passage in our own words using about 30 words.P

55、ractice Practice 1) Read the passage carefully and find some key words/sentences in it.key words:_Effect:_Conclusion:_the effects of advertisinggood and bad (harmful and helpful)more helpful effects The passage mainly tells usthe effects of advertising which are harmful and helpful. However, the wri

56、ter thinks there are more helpful effects if people dont blindly accept everything in the ads. How to check the summary看要点看人称看要点看人称看时态看语法看时态看语法看结构看结构 Years ago in Scotland Clark and his wife worked and saved, making plans for their family to travel to the United States. Finally they had saved enough

57、 money and gotten passports. The entire family was filled with excitement. However, seven before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy but hung a yellow sheet on the Clarks front door. Because of the possibility of rabies, they were separated for fourteen

58、 days. The familys dream was dashed. They would not be able to make the trip to America as they planned. The father, filled with disappointment and anger, wept bitter tears and cursed both his son and God for their misfortune. Five days later, the tragic news spread throughout Britain- Titanic, whic

59、h was on her maiden voyage on April 14, 1912, had sunk, taking hundreds of lives with it. The Clark family should have been on that ship, but because the son had been bitten by a dog, they were left behind. When Mr. Clark heard the news, he hugged his son and thanked him for saving the family. He th

60、anked for God for turning what he had felt was a tragedy into a blessing. Express the main idea of the passage in our own words using about 30 words.How to summarize a story:Skill: Combination of six elements WhoWhenYears ago (April, 1912)WhereScotlandHow Whatsaved after missing Titanic whya tragedy