语言学教程第三版练习及答案

1、胡壮麟语言学教程第三版练习及答案Chapter I In troduct ionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage.2. Lin guistics studies particular Ian guage, no t la nguages in gen eral.3. A scientific study of Ianguage is base

2、d on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ian guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts.5. Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other a

3、reas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phon etics is differe nt from pho no logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to convey meaning in com muni cati on.8. Morphology studies how words can be forme

4、d to produce meanin gful senten ces.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in atio n of morphemes into words and words into senten ces.

5、11. The study of meaning in Ian guage is known as sema ntics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolatio n, but in con text.14. Social cha nges can ofte n bring about Ian guage cha nges.15. Sociolingui

6、stics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time.19 Modern linguistics re

7、gards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage.20. The disti nction betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F. de Saussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “ competence ” as the ideal users k

8、f _th_e_ru_l_e_s_o_f_ ohis language.22. Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D is one of the design features of human language which refers to thepheno 广告网址 n t

9、hat language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a vocal symbols used for humancommunication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in

10、languages is called s.26. Human capacity for language has a g basis, but the details of language haveto be taught and learned.27. P refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of suc

11、h applications is generally known as alinguistics.29. Language is p in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenceswhich they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is g

12、enerally defined as the s study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be .A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. lingu

13、istic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. Duality D. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as .A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than w

14、riting, becauseA. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is

15、 a study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36.Saussure took a (n) view of language, while Chomsky looks atlanguage from a point of view.A. sociological psychological psychological sociologicalC. applied pragmaticD.sema ntic and lin guistic37. According to F. de Sauss

16、ure, refers to the abstract linguistic system sharedby all the members of a speech community.A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between a n d meanings.A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas39. Language can be used

17、 to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situationsof the speaker. This feature is called,A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the nextthrough , rather than by instinct.A. learning B. teac

18、hing C. books D. both A and BIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics45.Psycholinguistics 46.Language 47.Phonetics 48.Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics52.Arbitrari ness 53.Productivity 54.Displaceme nt 55.Duality 56. De

19、sig n Features 57. Compete nee 58 Performa nee 59. Lan gue 60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustrati on if n ecessary:61. Lan guage is gen erally defi ned as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on. Expla in i

20、t in detail.62. What are the design features of human Ianguage? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is moder n lin guistics differe nt from traditi onal grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachr onic study?65. Why does moder n lin guistics regard the

21、 spoke n form of Ian guage as primary, not the writte n?66. What are the major disti nctio ns betwee n Ian gue and parole?67. How do you un dersta nd compete nee and performa nee ?68. Saussure destinction between Iangue and parole seems similar to Chomsky s disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and per

22、forma nee. What do you thi nk are their major differe nces?69. Do you think huma n Ian guage is en tirely arbitrary? Why?答案：I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:I.T 2.F3.F4.T 5.T 6.F7.T 8.F9.T10.F11.T12.T 13.T 14.T15.T16.F 17.T 18.F19.F 20.FII. Fill in each of the foll

23、owi ng bla nks with one word which beg ins with the letter give n:21. kno wledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary25. syn tax26.ge netic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive30. scie ntific (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best comple

24、te the stateme nt.31. C 32.D33.C 34.D 35.B36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A40.DIV. Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage.42. Pho no logy: The study of how sounds are put together and used in com muni cati on is called phonology.43. S

25、yntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Lang

26、uage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study

27、of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learnin

28、g, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no lo

29、gical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not prese

30、nt, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets o

31、f structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules

32、of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in lin guistic com muni cati on.59. Ian gue : Lan gue refers to the abstract li nguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which Iang

33、uage users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of Iangue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from pers on to pers on, and from situati on to

34、 situatio n.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustrati on if n ecessary:61. Lan guage is gen erally defi ned as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on. Expla in it in detail.First of all, Ianguage is a system, because

35、elements of Ianguage are combined accord ing to rules. Sec on dly, la nguage is arbitrary because there is no in tri nsic conn ecti on betwee n form and mea ning, or betwee n the sig n and what it sta nds for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a

36、good illustration of the arbitrary nature of Ianguage. This also explains the symbolic n ature of Ian guage: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conven ti on . Thirdly, la nguage is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter h

37、ow well - developed their writing systems are.The term human in the definition indicates that Ianguage is possessed by human beings on ly and is very differe nt from the com muni catio n systems of other livi ng creatures. The term communication means that Ianguage makes it possible for its users to

38、 talk to each other and fulfill their com muni cative n eeds.62. What are the design features of human Ianguage? Illustrate them with examples.1) Arbitrari nessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of Ianguage means that there is no logical connection betwee n meanings and soun ds. For in sta

39、 nee, there is no n ecessary relati on ship betwee n the word elepha nt and the ani mal it symbolizes. In additi on, differe nt sounds are used to refer to the same object in differe nt Ian guages, and even within the same Ianguage, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, Ian guage

40、 is not en tirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitatio n of sounds by soun ds, such as crash, bang in En glish. Besides, some compo und words are also not en tirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in nu mber. The arbitrary nature of Ianguage makes it

41、possible for Ianguage to have an unlimited source of expressi ons.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, includin

42、g sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send an

43、d receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds.

44、But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. N

45、o animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can

46、 be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically tr

47、ansmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on high (religious, literary) written language. It sets gra

48、mmatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and

49、 a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of la

50、nguage is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of languag

51、e. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The dist

52、inction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussureearly this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions

53、and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively s

54、table; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950 sproposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence

55、 as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realiza

56、tion of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker s knowledge of mhiosther tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence,

57、 which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure disstinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure s distinction and Chomskys are very similar

58、, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of Ianguage and his notion of Iangue is a mater of social conven ti ons, and Chomsky looks at Ian guage from a psychological point of vies and to him, compete nee is a property of the mind of each in dividual.69. Do you thi nk huma n Ian guage is en tirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically expla ined to a certa in exte