Landscape studies and tourism research景观学与旅游学

1、Landscape studies and tourism research 景观和旅游学的研究2016.5.20目录目录CONTEXTS论文思路04文章内容02文章框架01作者简介0301作者简介作者简介Daniel C. KnudsenMichelle M. Metro-Roland Jillian M. Rickly-Boyd INDIANA UNIVERSITY WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY INDIANA UNIVERSITY Daniel C. Knudsen INDIANA UNIVERSITY 01020304印第安纳大学地理学系教授兼系主任 人类学副

2、教授 旅游学兼职教授 公共政策兼职教授 景观学课程主任1984年4月印第安纳大学 地理学博士 1981年7月印第安纳大学，地理学硕士 1977年5月爱荷华州立大学，地球科学学士学位Daniel C. Knudsen INDIANA UNIVERSITY How do we re-theorize tourism? By drawing less on the Foucauldian notion of tourism as gazing and instead focusing on the social construction of meaning in the landscape, th

3、is insightful book provides an innovative and compelling new approach to tourist studies. Arguing that in any view of the landscape and in tourism generally there is a multiplicity of insider and outsider meanings, the book grounds tourism studies within the framework of social theory, and particula

4、rly in the social theoretic approaches to landscape. Bringing together specialists in tourism and landscape studies to discuss the relationships between the two, it finds that issues of identity are a common thread and are raised with regard to the social construction of landscape and its portrayal

5、through tourism. The international studies range in scale from regional to national, personal to political, and from local residents to international tourists, highlighting the multiplicity of interpretations and meanings between these scales.Daniel C. Knudsen INDIANA UNIVERSITY 媒体推荐媒体推荐By reconcept

6、ualizing landscape in terms of place and meaning, this volume helps create a foundation for a new paradigm in tourist research, to replace that once provided by John Urrys The Tourist Gaze (1990), with its foundation in an idea of landscape as scenery. Kenneth R. Olwig, Swedish University of Agricul

7、tural Science, Sweden目录目录Preface; Landscape, tourism, and meaning, Daniel C. Knudsen, Anne K. Soper and Michelle M. Metro-Roland; Landscape perspective for tourism studies, Charles Greer, Shanon Donnelly and Jillian M. Rickly; Identity and landscape: the reification of place in Strasbourg, France, S

8、ean Huff; Landscape change and regional identity in the Copper Canyon region, Yamir Gonzlez-Vlez; Mauritian landscapes of culture, identity, and tourism, Anne K. Soper; Slicing the dobish torte: the 3 layers of tourism in Munich, Richard Wolfel; A nostalgia for terror, Michelle M. Metro-Roland; The

9、parallax of landscape: situating Celaque national park, Honduras, Benjamin F. Timms; Insiders and outsiders in Thy, Daniel C. Knudsen; Tourism as a reconnection to the Neolithic past: the Tamgaly rock paintings of Kazakhstan, Altynai Yespembetova, Jillian M. Rickly and Lisa C. Braverman; Landscape,

10、tourism and meaning: a conclusion, Daniel C. Knudsen, Michelle M. Metro-Roland and Anne K. Soper; Bibliography; Michelle M. Metro-Roland WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY 010203Michelle Metro-Roland博士是西密歇根大学地理系的教授2008年 印第安纳大学，地理博士学位1998年 加州大学伯克利分校 历史硕士1994年 Loyola Marymount大学 古典学士研究方向研究方向 Urban and cultur

11、al geography Landscape TourismDrawing upon the literature of landscape geography, tourism studies, cultural studies, visual studies and philosophy, this book offers a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding the interaction between urban environments and tourists. This is a necessary prerequisit

12、e for cities as they make themselves into enticing destinations and compete for tourists attention. It argues that tourists make sense of, and draw meaningful conclusions about, the places in which they tour based upon the interpretation of the signs or elements encountered within the built environm

13、ent, elements such as graffiti and lamp posts. The writings of the American pragmatist Charles S. Peirce on interpretation provide the theoretical model for explaining the way in which mind and world, or thoughts and objects, result in tourists interacting with place. This theoretical framework eluc

14、idates three applied studies undertaken with foreign visitors to the Hungarian capital of Budapest. Based upon extensive ethnographic field work, these studies focus on tourists interpretation of the urban landscape, with particular attention paid to the encounters with national culture, the role of

15、 architecture and the importance of the prosaic in urban tourismMichelle M. Metro-Roland WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY Jillian M. Rickly-Boyd INDIANA UNIVERSITY 1印第安纳大学 学士 硕士 博士 印第安纳大学 旅游管理和市场营销助理教授02文章框架文章框架Article framework景观作为旅游中的物体以文学作品引入主题结论景观作为旅游中的理念和形象景观作为旅游中的经历景观作为旅游中的物体以文学作品引入主题结论景观作为旅游中的理念和形

16、象景观作为旅游中的经历第一部分第五部分第三部分第二部分第四部分阐述旅游学和景观学产生共鸣的合理性，将景观在旅游学研究中的意义分为三个部分03文章内容文章内容Article framework景观作为旅游中的物体以文学作品引入主题结论景观作为旅游中的理念和形象景观作为旅游中的经历第一部分0102J. B. Jackson wrote about his travels through Europe: It was, to be sure, a cautious, uneventful, and at times a fatiguing and solitary way of passing a

17、summer vacation: tramping out to admire Baedekers list of three-star monuments, conscientiously sampling the local food, taking lessons in conversational French or German or Italian, and always trying not to resemble a tourist. But as I look back on many summers of such European travel I wonder if t

18、hey were not in fact an excellent introduction to the different phase of tourism that I have learned to call landscape studies.J. B. Jackson这样描述他在欧洲的旅程：诚然，这是一个谨慎、平静并且偶尔有些令人疲惫和孤独的度过暑期的方式。在旅游手册三星级遗迹流浪，认真地品尝当地的美食，参加对话法国、德国、意大利文化的课程，同时尽量不要像一个观光客。当我回顾以往数次在欧洲度过的暑期，我想是否它们实际上并不是我曾学过的景观研究中最佳旅游的注解。引文第一部分0102H

19、is observations should come as no surprise to those who study landscape, nor still to those who study tourism. It is a fascination with places that are unique, places which seem to offer a peek into a world other than ones own that drive the tourist as well as the scholar of place, and, as Jackson d

20、id, those skills of observation and engagement with these exotic sites help hone the tools that can then be brought to bear on the places in our own backyard. With the spread of landscape as a topic of intellectual inquiry far beyond the realm of geography in the last several decades of the twentiet

21、h century, it is not surprising that the term术语 has found resonance among tourism researchers (Aitchison et al. 2001; Ringer 2002; Cartier and Lew 2005; Knudsen et al. 2008). Tourism sites are place bound and this de facto entails that those involved, from researchers and planners to the tourists th

22、emselves, pay attention to the uniqueness of place, and hence landscape.他的见闻对于那些已经学习过景观学和旅游学的人应该并不陌生。独特或者可以给人带来对世界而非个体窥探的地方具有吸引游客和学者前往的魅力，并且就如Jackson所做的这些观察和融入异国风景的技巧，帮助我们磨练可以装饰自家的能力。在20世纪最后十年，将景观学作为一个超越地理范畴的理智需求的观点广为盛行，因此景观学与旅游学的学者产生共鸣也不令人感到惊讶。风景名胜是与之有关的地方而这实际上牵涉到了这些包括研究者、设计者和游客自身的相关者，他们关注着景点的独特性，这

23、一点和景观学情况一致。分析第一部分0102Nineteenth-century literature is rife with passages that demonstrate the importance that the landscape, understood broadly to include the natural elements as well as the built environment, held. But it is landscape that is multifaceted, at once an object, an idea, a representati

24、on, and an experience. E.M. Forster, early in A Room with a View, writes:19世纪的文学有很多文章阐述了景观的重要性，并且景观被理解为同时包含了自然的元素和人工建造的环境。但是景观有多面性，在一个情境中可以作为一个实体或者一个想法，一种表述或是一次经历。E.M. Forster在之前的文章A Room with a View中写道：引文第一部分0102Tears of indignation came to Lucys eyes partly because Miss Lavish had jilted her, part

25、ly because she had taken her Baedeker. How could she find her way home? How could she find her way about in Santa Croce? Her first morning was ruined, and she might never be in Florence again. A few minutes ago she had been all high spirits, talking as a woman of culture, and half persuading herself

26、 that she was full of originality. Now she entered the church depressed and humiliated, not even able to remember whether it was built by the Franciscans or the Dominicans. Of course, it must be a wonderful building. But how like a barn! And how very cold! Of course, it contained frescoes by Giotto,

27、 in the presence of whose tactile values she was capable of feeling what was proper. But who was to tell her which they were? She walked about disdainfully, unwilling to be enthusiastic over monu- ments of uncertain authorship or date. There was no one even to tell her which, of all the sepulchral s

28、labs that paved the nave and transepts, was the one that was really beautiful, the one that had been most praised by Mr. Ruskin. Lucy的眼中流出愤怒的泪水，部分是因为Lavish小姐遗弃了她，另一部分是因为她带走了自己的旅游小册子。她该怎么找到回家的路？她该怎么找到去Santa Croce的路？她的第一个早晨被毁了，她可能再也不会去Florence了。几分钟之前她的兴致还很好，像一个懂得文化的女性一样聊天，还让自己感觉自己的论点是新颖的。现在她沮丧而感觉被羞辱地进

29、入了一个教堂，甚至记不得它是被Franciscans或者Dominicans所建造的，当然，这肯定是个很棒的建筑。但是它好像一个仓库！而且好冷！当然，这栋教堂里有Giotto的湿壁画，但当教堂的价值可知的时候她就有能力感受到什么是合适的。但是谁来告诉她那些价值是什么呢？她轻蔑的走过，不情愿被不确定年代和作者的遗迹所触动。甚至没有一个人可以告诉她走过的这些厚石板砌成的坟墓、教堂中哪个是真的美丽，哪个是被Ruskin先生最为盛赞的。引文第一部分0102In this brief excerpt we can see much of what engages tourism studies with

30、 landscape. The very notion of Florence engenders造成，形成 symbolic meaning going beyond the mere仅仅 artifacts人工制品，石器，手工艺品 that make up the city, but these meanings do not emerge simply from the city itself, the city as a thing, but are fostered and nurtured by the numerous representations of the city wh

31、ich shape its symbolic meaning. And yet, even lacking the guide which will illuminate照亮启发 this particular object of the city, the material manifestation of this place which Lucy Honeychurch is faced with still elicits引出，探出，诱出 feelings and emotions of embodied 表现 象征 使具体experience. Cold, and despair,

32、override推翻无视优先于 the feelings of awe敬畏惊叹 she has been conditioned to expect based upon the representation and the idea. 在这段摘要中我们可以看出旅游学的研究中有很大一部分涉及景观学。这片文章着重提及了弗洛伦萨的象征意义不只是又一些人工制品所组成，这些象征意义不仅产生于城市本身。城市作为一个主体，是被无数的象征物所促进和推动的并且由此塑造出它的象征意义。然而，即使缺乏这将照亮这个城市的特定对象的引导，Lucy Honeychurch仍然面临着的这个地方的物质表现形式仍然引起感情和

33、体现经验情绪。寒冷和绝望，使她覆盖了曾经习惯的的基于旅游小册子的表达和想法而产生的期待和感受。 分析第一部分0102Touring is, in the end, the intersection of the material, the ideal and the experiential landscape. Thus, taking this as our guide, let us look at the way in which tourism research has considered landscape as, one, a material object, physical

34、ly manifest and created, two, as an idea and representation, endowed with symbolism and meaning, and, lastly, as an experience, especially in the requirements for performing tourism. But of course the line between these three approaches is less hard and fast. 实际上，旅游是物质，理想和体验景观的交汇之处。以此为我们的指导，让我们来看看其中

35、旅游研究将景观作为，首先，一个物体，身体表现和创造；第二，作为一种思想和代表性，赋有象征意义；最后，作为一个经验，尤其是在旅游中的要求。但是，当然界定这三个方面的界线不是一成不变的。分析景观作为旅游中的物体Landscape as object in tourism 第二部分第二部分0102As the scope of what constitutes touring has expanded, the objects of interest have as well. The beach resort, the mountains, the city, the farm have all

36、become destinations but so too have factories, wharfs, and mines (MacCannell 1976; Young and Kaczmarek 2008; William 2005; Williams 2009). Lew (1991: 126) asserts that if the essential elements tourist, site and marker are present, “virtually anything can become a tourist attraction.” From heritage

37、to “kitsch,” from tragedy to the general oddity, all can be found on tourist itineraries (Prentice 1994; Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1998; Pohlen 2002; Foote 2003). Tourism sites are creations carefully nurtured and developed in order to become destinations. In some cases, this requires a great deal of ex

38、ertion, for example in the efforts of small towns to supplant their stagnant economies with the promotion of a native son or daughter, or a local festival (Koth 1993; see also Lane 2009). In other cases, the given landscape does much of the work, think white sandy beaches, or sublime mountain peaks,

39、 but even here there is need for careful development in order to ensure that the physical resources are managed (Butler 1980). 随着构成旅游的范畴不断扩大，旅游对象的范围也扩大了。海滩度假胜地，山，城市，农场都成为目标，但这样也有工厂，码头，和矿山。Lew断言，如果基本要素 - 旅游，地点和标记 - 都存在，“几乎任何地点都可以成为景点。” 从遗产“媚俗”，从悲剧到一般古怪，都可以在旅游行程中找到。旅游地是精心培育，并以成为目的地开发的作品。在某些情况下，这需要大量的投

40、入，例如小城镇通过推广当地人或者传统节日以取代经济停滞的努力。在其他情况下，已有的景观减少了投入的比率，例如白色的沙滩，或壮美的山峰，但即使在这种情况也需要进行仔细的开发以确保物质资源的管理。引文第二部分0102Commodification of place often trades on the notion of heritage. But as Ashworth and Tunbridge (2000) note, this harkening to the past can entail a search for best-practices, the result being ra

41、ther an elision of the unique, and a homogenization of place. The result is a proliferation of festival marketplaces, hip gentrified shopping districts, converted working wharfs and beautified historical city centers, requiring expected heritage items, including cobblestones, “gas” lights, and wroug

42、ht iron benches. Along with the heritagization of places, there has been a rise in heritage centers, open air and living museums (Aitchison et al. 2001). These places sometimes mark an actual historic site or event, Colonial Williamsburg or Plymouth Plantation for example, but sometimes they elide h

43、istory and fiction or even recall an entirely fictional (i.e. based in literature) past, such as Cannery Row (Norkunas 1993), the Ramona Trail (DeLyser 2005) in California, or Santa Claus in Finland (Pretes 1995). 旅游点的性质常常基于历史遗产的概念。但就如Ashworth 和 Tunbridge在2000年所说，这种对于过去的倾听可以展示对于最好行为的探索，其结果是相当独特的典型并且

44、一个地方的共同性格。其结果是节日集市，时髦的中产阶级购物区，废弃的码头和有历史韵味的城市中心的扩散，预计需要有历史韵味的街道家具，包括鹅卵石，灯光，和铁艺长椅。随着旅游地的“遗产化”，出现了遗产中心，露天“活着“的博物馆。这些地方往往标志着一个实际的古迹或事件，Williamsburg殖民地或Plymouth种植园为例，但有时他们援引历史上的和小说中，甚至使用完全虚构的过去，如Cannery Row(Norkunas 1993)、加利福尼亚洲的the Ramona Trail (DeLyser 2005)、或者Santa Claus in Finland (Pretes 1995).引文第二部

45、分0102But of course much tourism takes place not in heritage parks and museums, or even enclavic resorts, but in towns and cities, places which serve a multitude of activities, only one of which is tourism. Although Selby (2004: 125) contends that “there are relatively few contemporary studies of urb

46、an tourism which use an experiential approach concerned with the knowledge, meanings, emotions and memories of urban tourists or residents,” a number of scholars have been filling in the lacuna to look at what happens in urban space when residents and tourists interact. Maitland and Newman (2008) ma

47、ke the argument that gentrification in central London has created not so much a space given over to the outsider but a sense of conviviality shared by the resident and the visitor in creating livable urban space. Other scholars have described these locales as “heterogeneous spaces” (Edensor 2000) or

48、 “touristed landscapes” (Cartier and Lew 2005), places which are frequented by tourists but which in the end are lived spaces which support many other functions. Metro-Roland (2011: 38) talks about the tourist-prosaic as a middle space “between the everyday of the cityscape and the festive nature of

49、 the touristscape,” a space which includes both heritage sites such as museums frequented by residents and visitors as well as the everyday spaces of tourism, such as the sou- venir stands, and the quotidian spaces of the city, including parks and busy streets which tourists find of interest. 不过，当然很

50、多旅游行为不只发生在遗产公园和博物馆或度假胜地，但在城镇和城市，这些活动场所提供众多的服务，旅游业只是其中之一。尽管Selby提出“当代关于用体验式途径如对于城市游人和居民的知识，内涵，情感，记忆的城市旅游的研究相对较少” 一些学者已经通过观察居民和游客在城市空间的互动来弥补这个漏洞。Maitland 和 Newman对于高档化的伦敦市中心并没有给外人很多空间而创造城市居民和游人以愉快互动的宜人城市空间的问题做争论。其他学者将这种地点描述为“异质化空间” (Edensor 2000)或者“游人空间” (Cartier and Lew 2005)，那些常常为游人所使用并最终拥有各种其他功能的生活

51、化空间。Metro-Roland (2011: 38)将 作为“处于城市的日常生活和旅游地的节庆本质之间”的领域，这是一个包括如博物馆这样常常为居民和游人都作为日常的旅游空间的遗址，如纪念品站和包括如游人感兴趣的公园和繁忙街道的城市日常空间。分析景观作为旅游中的理念和形象 Landscape as idea and image in tourism 第三部分第三部分0102While the landscapes that constitute the sites of tourism are materially constructed from both the natural and t

52、he built environment, they are also ideas, symbolically constructed to convey values, concepts and meanings. Part and parcel of this process are the images or representations of landscape in both words and pictures that support the construction of destinations (as noted above) and the construction o

53、f the act of touring (as we will see below). The tourism literature treats the landscape as symbol as well as representation in a number of different ways but one of the common factors is the notion of reading the landscape, and the focus on the ocular, as opposed to what we will see in the next sec

54、tion with studies that move towards non-representational theory. 当组成旅游点的景观在物质上由自然和人工部分组成他们也是由理念，传达的价值观，理念和含义的象征意义组成的。在语言和映像两个方面，形象和表达是帮助形成旅游目的地形成过程的组成部分也是旅游行为形成过程的组成部分。旅游文学在很多不同的方面将景观作为象征和表达，但是其中有一个思考景观专注于视觉的共同因素，而不是我们将在下一部分中看到向非表象理论研究的倾斜。第三部分0102Tourism studies is both relatively young and interdis

55、ciplinary as a field of study. Much of the work originates outside of geography but nevertheless adopts geographic notions of landscape as one can see in two of the foundational texts of tourism studies, Dean MacCannells (1976) The Tourist and John Urrys (1990) The Tourist Gaze. Both treat the space

56、s of tourism in ways that result in visual consumption, relying heavily on sight and image to understand just what makes a site an object of interest. In other words, both are concerned with the representational qualities of landscapes. Urry (1990), using Foucaults theory of discourse as structuring

57、 knowledge, suggests that what tourists do is “gaze.” The romantic gaze is that which should be performed in solitude, for example gazing at an old master painting or a sublime sunset; it is compromised by the presence of other unwanted gazers. The collective gaze, on the other hand, depends upon a

58、group of fellow travelers, the seaside English resort being the archetypal example. These gazes are given shape by the structural expectations of the tourist industry, which is in turn organized to satisfy the gaze of the tourists. 旅游学研究是相对年轻并且跨学科的研究。大部分的工作起源于地理学之外但是采用了地理学中描述景观的名词，这种情况可以从两个旅游学研究的基础文

59、献Dean MacCannells (1976) 的The Tourist 和 John Urrys (1990)的 The Tourist Gaze中看出来。同时对旅游空间有多种理解造成了视觉消费，在理解一个场地如何成为旅游地的问题上依赖视觉和图像。换句话说，两者都涉及景观的代表性品质。Urry (1990)使用Foucault的理论作为理论基础，认为游人所做的就是“凝视”。浪漫的凝视是要独自完成的，如凝视一张大师名画或者夕阳西下，如果出现了其他不受欢迎的凝视者，凝视的感受就要打折扣。集体性的凝视在另一方面就取决于一批同行的游人，如英格兰海滨度假胜地。这些凝视的方式是由旅游业有系统考量的组织

60、而成，相对的其组织就是为了迎合游人的凝视。 第三部分0102MacCannell (1976), returning to an earlier set of ideas about tourists (see Enzensberger 1996), employs the figure of the tourist in order to speak about the condition of modern man, attempting to escape the faux wood paneling and the alienation engendered by work. Iron