职称英语(B级理工新增内容)

1、第八篇what is a dream?for centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. somepsychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. in fact, many experts believe that drea

2、ms can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from god. it was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.the austrian psychologist, sigmund freud, was probably the first person to st

3、udy dreamsscientifically. in his famous book, the interpretation of dreams ( 1900 ), freud wrote that dreamsare an expressions of a persons wishes. he believed that dreams allow people to express thefeelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.the swiss psychiatrist car

4、l jung was once a student of freud s. jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. he thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. for example, people who dream about falli

5、ng may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. on the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. for example,psychologist william domhoff from the university of

6、california, santa cruz, believes that dreamsare tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. a criminal, for example, mightdream about crime.dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. his research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. accord

7、ing to domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.he has also found a link between dreams and gender. his studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. for example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. this is not tr

8、ue of womens dreams. 3 domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.can dreams help us understand ourselves? psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. however, one thing they a

9、gree on this: if you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldnt panic. the dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.注释：1.sigmundfreud西格蒙德.费洛伊德(1856-1939)，

10、犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有性学三论梦的释义图腾与禁忌日常生活的心理病理学精神分析引论精神分析引论新编等2.carl jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人3.for example.the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.this is not true of womens dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关;女人做梦

11、与男人则不同。练习：1. not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.arightbwrongcnot mentioned2. according to freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.arightbwrongcnot mentioned3. jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.arightbwrongcnot mentioned4. in the past,peo

12、ple believed that dreams involved emotions.arightbwrongcnot mentioned5. according to dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.arightbwrongcnot mentioned6. men and women dream about different things.arightbwrongcnot mentioned7. scientists agree that dreams predict the future

13、.arightbwrongcnot mentioned1.a这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。.2.a第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。3.b第四段的第二句和第三句：jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)he thought people could learn

14、 more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己)。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。4.c文中没有提及。5.a依据第六段，domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。6.a本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。7.b最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。第十篇the biology of musichumans use mus

15、ic as a powerful way to communicate. it may also play an important role inlove. but what is music, and how does it work its magic? science does not yet have all theanswers.what are two things that make humans different from animals? one is language, and the other is music. it is true that some anima

16、ls can sing ( and many birds sing .better than a lot of people). however,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. it is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instruments.music is strange stuff. it is clearly different from language. however, people can u

17、se music to communicate things - especially their emotions. when music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. but, biologically speaking, what is music?if music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of th

18、e brain. the scientific evidence suggests that this is true.sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. however, they dont automatically lose their musical abilities. for example, vissarion shebalin, a russiancomposer, had a stroke in 1953. it injured the left si

19、de of his brain. he could no longer speak orunderstand speech. he could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. on theother hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. this shows that the brain processes m

20、usic and language separately.by studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. but why does music have such a strong effect on us? that is a harder question to answer. geoffrey miller, a researcher at university college

21、, london, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability. thats why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someones.mate. for example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. you also n

22、eed a good memory to remember the notes. and playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. finally ,when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa), it may be a way of showing off.however ,millers theory still doesnt explain why certain combina

23、tions of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. for scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.注释：1.it is also true that humans，not animals，have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。develop：研制，例如：scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。练习：1

24、. humans,but not animals, can sing.a rightb wrongc not mentioned2. people can use music to communicate their emotions.a rightb wrongc not mentioned.3. we use the same part of the brain for music and language.a rightb wrongc not mentioned4. geoffery miler has done research on music and emotions.a rig

25、htb wrongc not mentioned5. its hard for humans to compose music.a rightb wrongc not mentioned6. memory is not an important part in singing in tune.a rightb wrongc not mentioned7. scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.a rightb wrongc not mentioned答案与题解：1.b 第二段的

26、第三句：it is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。2.a第三段的第三句：however，people can use music to communicate thingsespecially theiremotions.这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。3.b第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用vissarion shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，sh

27、ebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。4.a 第六段的第四句：geoffrey miller，a researcher at university college，london，thinks thatmusic and love have a strong connection.这句说明miller对音乐和爱(情感)的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。5.c文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。6.b第六段有一句：you also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合

28、调子。7.a最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。第二十九篇ill be bachcomposer david cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. it took cope 30 years to develop the software. now most people cant tell the difference between music by t

29、he famous german composer j. s. bach (1685-1750) and the bach-like compositions from copes computer.it all started in 1980 in the united states, when cope was trying to write an opera. he was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. at first thi

30、s music was not easy to listen to. what did cope do? he began to rethink how human beings compose music. he realized that composers brains work like big databases. first, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. then they take out the music that they dislike. finally, they makenew music

31、 from what is left. according to cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.cope built a huge database of existing music. he began with hundreds of works by bach. the software analyzed the data: it broke it down into

32、smaller pieces and looked for patterns. it then combined the pieces into new patterns; before long,the program could compose short bach-like works. they werent good, but it was a start.cope knew he had more work todo-he had a whole opera to write. he continued to improve the software. soon it could

33、analyze more. complex music. he also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.,a few years later, copes computer program, called emmy, was ready to help him with his opera. the process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and emmy. cope listened to the comp

34、uters musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. with emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. it was called cradle falling, and it was a great success! cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.since that first opera, emmy h

35、as written thousands of compositions. cope still gives emmy feedback on what he likes and doesnt like of her music ,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!注释：1.j.s.bach：约翰塞巴斯蒂安巴赫(德语：johann sebastian bach，1685年3月31日-1750年7月28日)，巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。巴赫被普遍

36、认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方现代音乐之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。练习：l. the music composed by david cope is abouta classical music.b pop music.c drama.d country music.2. by developing a computer software, david cope aimeda to be like bach.b to study bach.c to write an opera.d to create a musical database3. what did

37、 cope realize about a great composers brain?a it forms new musical patterns all by itself.b it writes a computer program.c it can recognize any music patterns.d it creates an accurate database.4. who is emmy?a a databaseb a computer softwarec a composer who helped davidd an opera5. we can infer from

38、 the passage thata david cope is a computer programmer.b david cope loves music.c bachs music helped him a lot.d emmy did much more work than a composer.1.a第一段的第一句：david cope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件。2.c从第二段的第一句可以看出，david编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。a、b和d都属于创作歌剧的一部分。3.d第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作

39、出新的音乐形式。4.b从第五段第一句可知emmy是一计算机软件。5.d从本文第一句可知david是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除a;b、c内容没有提及;从本文的第五段和第六段可知，emmy大大提高了david的创作速度，最后一句，大部分困难的工作都由emmy来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。第十篇： how deafness makes it easier to hearmost people think of beethovens hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music.however, he produced his most

40、powerful works in the last decade of his life when he wascompletely deaf.this is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but hisbiographer, maynard solomon, takes a different view. l . in his deaf world beethovencould experiment, free from the sounds of the outside worl

41、d, free to create new forms andharmonies.hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. they continue to hear music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.2 . he described a fascinating phenomenon that happened wi

42、thin three months:my former musical experiences began to play back to me. i couldnt differentiate between what i heard and real hearing. after many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to hear music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for ali of my moods. h

43、ow is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both out there and at the same time within us? there is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. 3 . however,it might be possible to use the brains remarkable power to m

44、ake sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.when michael edgar first switched on his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. for example, the insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost

45、 at once. the primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. when peoplespoke to eagar, he heard their voices coming through like a long-distance telephone call ona poor connection. but when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.4 . he said, i play the piano

46、 as i used to and hear it in my head at the same time.the movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hearing in myhead. cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which canchange their lives. 5 . even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to beethoven as he composed his ninth symphony