金属和金属材料讲义版

1、专业好文档金属和金属材料一、金属材料1、金属材料 纯金属（90多种）合金 （几千种）2、金属的物理性质： （1）常温下一般为固态（汞为液态（汞为金属），有金属光泽。（2）大多数呈银白色（铜为紫红色，金为黄色）（3）有良好的导热性、导电性、延展性3、金属之最：（1）铝：地壳中含量最多的金属元素（2）钙：人体中含量最多的金属元素（3）铁：目前世界年产量最多的金属（铁铝铜）（4）银：导电、导热性最好的金属（银铜金铝）（5）铬：硬度最高的金属 （6）钨：熔点最高的金属（7）汞：熔点最低的金属 （8）锇：密度最大的金属（9）锂 ：密度最小的金属4、金属分类： 黑色金属：通常指铁、锰、铬及它们的合金。 重

2、金属：如铜、锌、铅等 有色金属 轻金属：如钠、镁、铝等；有色金属：通常是指除黑色金属以外的其他金属。5、合金：由一种金属跟其他一种或几种金属（或金属与非金属）一起熔合而成的具有金属特性的物质。 ：一般说来，合金的熔点比各成分低，硬度比各成分大，抗腐蚀性能更好合金铁的合金铜合金焊锡钛和钛合金形状记忆金属生铁钢黄铜青铜:成分含碳量2%4.3%含碳量0.03%2%铜锌合金铜锡合金铅锡合金钛镍合金备注不锈钢：含铬、镍的钢具有抗腐蚀性能紫铜为纯铜熔点低注：钛和钛合金：被认为是21世纪的重要金属材料，钛合金与人体有很好的“相容性”，因此可用来制造人造骨等。 （1）熔点高、密度小 优点 （2）可塑性好、易于

3、加工、机械性能好（3）抗腐蚀性能好二、金属的化学性质1、大多数金属可与氧气的反应金属在空气中在氧气中镁常温下逐渐变暗。点燃，剧烈燃烧，发出耀眼的白光，生成白色的固体点燃，剧烈燃烧，发出耀眼的白光，生成白色的固体2mg + o2 点燃 2mgo铝常温下表面变暗，生成一种致密的氧化膜点燃，剧烈燃烧，发出耀眼的白光，生成白色的固体4al + 3o2 点燃 2al2o3铁持续加热变红点燃，剧烈燃烧，火星四射，生成黑色的固体3fe + 2o2 点燃 fe3o4铜加热，生成黑色物质；在潮湿的空气中，生成铜绿而被腐蚀加热生成黑色物质2cu + o2 加热 2cuo银金即使在高温时也不与氧气发生反应2、金属

4、+ 酸 盐 + h2 锌和稀硫酸zn + h2so4 = znso4 + h2铁和稀硫酸fe + h2so4 = feso4 + h2 镁和稀硫酸mg + h2so4 = mgso4 + h2铝和稀硫酸2al +3h2so4 = al2(so4)3 +3h2 锌和稀盐酸zn + 2hcl = zncl2 + h2铁和稀盐酸fe + 2hcl = fecl2 + h2 镁和稀盐酸mg+ 2hcl = mgcl2 + h2 铝和稀盐酸2al + 6hcl = 2alcl3 + 3h23、金属 + 盐 另一金属 + 另一盐（条件：“前换后，盐可溶”） （与金属活动顺序有关）a:铁与硫酸铜反应：fe+

5、cuso4=cu+feso4现象：铁条表面覆盖一层红色的物质，溶液由蓝色变成浅绿色。(古代湿法制铜及“曾青得铁则化铜”指的是此反应)b:铝片放入硫酸铜溶液中：3cuso4+2al=al2(so4)3+3cu现象：铝片表面覆盖一层红色的物质，溶液由蓝色变成无色。c:铜片放入硝酸银溶液中：2agno3+cu=cu(no3)2+2ag现象：铜片表面覆盖一层银白色的物质，溶液由无色变成蓝色。d:铜和硝酸汞溶液反应：cu + hg(no3)2 = cu(no3)2 + hg现象：铜片表面覆盖一层银白色的物质，溶液由无色变成蓝色。4、常见金属活动性顺序：k ca na mg al zn fe sn pb（

6、h） cu hg ag pt au金属活动性由强逐渐减弱在金属活动性顺序里：（）金属的位置越靠前，它的活动性就越强（）位于氢前面的金属能置换出盐酸、稀硫酸中的氢（不可用浓硫酸、硝酸）（）位于前面的金属能把位于后面的金属从它们的盐溶液中置换出来。（除k、ca、na）四、金属资源的保护和利用1、铁的冶炼（1）原理：在高温下，利用焦炭与氧气反应生成的一氧化碳把铁从铁矿石里还原出来。 3co + fe2o3高温2fe + 3co2（2）原料：铁矿石、焦炭、石灰石、空气常见的铁矿石有磁铁矿（主要成分是fe3o4 ）、赤铁矿（主要成分是fe2o3 ）2、铁的锈蚀（1）铁生锈的条件是：铁与o2、水接触。铁锈

7、的主要成分是氧化铁fe2o3（红棕色） （铜生铜绿的条件：铜与o2、水、co2接触。铜绿的化学式：cu2(oh)2co3）（2）防止铁制品生锈的措施：保持铁制品表面的清洁、干燥表面涂保护膜：如涂油、刷漆、电镀、烤蓝等制成不锈钢（3）铁锈很疏松，不能阻碍里层的铁继续与氧气、水蒸气反应，因此铁制品可以全部被锈蚀。因而铁锈应及时除去。（4）而铝与氧气反应生成致密的氧化铝薄膜，从而阻止铝进一步氧化，因此，铝具有很好的抗腐蚀性能。3、金属资源的保护和利用: 防止金属腐蚀 保护金属资源的途径： 回收利用废旧金属 合理开采矿物 寻找金属的代用 意义：节约金属资源，减少环境污染winger tuivasa-s

8、heck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia h

9、ave not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player

10、of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give ever

11、y award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league mat

12、ch at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour o

13、f their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults

14、 from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and li

15、mited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commerci

16、al airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling a

17、n olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englan

18、ds josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stan