名词性从句讲义

1、 every jack has his jill. 先要明白： 独立存在的主谓语结构是主句。不能独立存在而必须从属于主句的主谓结构是从句。名词性从句就是在整个句子中的作用相当于一个名词或名词短语的从句。名词性从句作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。一 定义：一个主谓结构（从）在另一个主谓结构（主）中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语 名词从句涵盖：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。 辨别下列名词性从句的类别：1.how the book will sell depends on its author.主语从句2.john said that he was leaving for london on w

2、ednesday.宾语从句3.the fact is that he has not been seen recently.表语从句4.the fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 同位语从句5.he will talk to us about what he saw in u.s.宾语从句6.it is impossible that i go and attend the meeting.主语从句that/wh-clause + v +主语从句s +be/link.v + that/

3、wh-clause表语从句s + vt + that/wh-clause宾语从句s + vi + prep + wh-clause宾语从句 二引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether, if连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose(ever), which（ever).连接副词：when, where, how, why1、that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分， 本身也没有意义，只有在宾语从句中可省略2、 引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,that不可省略。 千万别放在介词后！3.wheth

4、er 能引导所有名词从句，而且能和or not连用；if 只能引导宾语从句，且不能和or not连用4.what 引导名词从句时，可有两种意义：1.表示疑问意义2.表示的东西i dont know what he wants. thats what he wants.what =all that this is what we should do. this is all(that) we should do. 但this is all what we should do. 错误5.从句要用陈述语序，尤其是wh-类词引出的从句要倍加注意。i want to know whats your na

5、me.6.带-ever的关系代词其强调作用。 whoever makes mistakes must correct them. you can take whichever room you prefer. that在从句中不作成分，没有意义；whether和if是连词，在句中只起连接作用，在从句中不充当成分，但不能省略；而wh-连接代词和连接副词在从句中充当某一成分，且有意义。 动词doubt表示“怀疑、不知道” 解时，肯定句接whether引导的宾语从句；否定句dont doubt和疑问句do you doubt要接that引导的从句。e. g. i dont doubt that he

6、 will come soon. 我不怀疑他不久会来。 can you doubt that he will win? 你怀疑他会赢吗？ i doubt whether it is true. 我怀疑那不是真的。 whether从句几乎能作所有介词的宾语；that引导的从句只能作except, but, besides的介词宾语。e. g. i have no interest in whether he will come. he is a good boy except that he is careless sometimes.whether和if的区别（1）whether可以用于dis

7、cuss和一般的介词，而if不能。（2）whether用于所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句； 主语从句在句首时不用if；有形式主语it时if能引导主语从句。（3）whether可以构成whether or not或whether or no，if则不能。 但可以说whether/if or not, whether/if or。（4）if引导的从句可用于否定谓语后，whether从句则不能。e. g. i dont care if you wont come. 我才不在乎他来不来呢。 he doesnt care if you dont pay the money. 你付不付钱他不在乎

8、。主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. it 作形式主语 it 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。例如： it is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. it doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. 2. what与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如：1) _you said yest

9、erday is right.it is right what you said yesterday. 2) _she is still alive is a good thing. it is a good thing that she is still alive.宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： i heard that he joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： s

10、he did not know what had happened. i wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： she told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介词的宾语，例如： our success depends upon how well we can cooperate(合作）with one another.3. 作形容词surecertaingladhappy等的宾语，例如： i am afraid (that) ive made

11、 a mistake. i am sure (that) he will win the game.4. it 可以作为形式宾语 it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如： we thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.5. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯

12、定式。例如：i dont think the dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。另外，常用的还有the reason is that 和it is because 等结构。例如：1) the question is _ we can make good preparation in such a short time. whether/ how 2) this is _ we cant ge

13、t the support of the people. why3) but the fact remains _ we are behind the other classes. that4) the reason _ he is late for school is _ he missed the early bus. why/that同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) the kings decision that the prisoner would b

14、e set free surprised all the people. 2) the order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： he got the news from mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，

15、只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行具体内容的补充说明。例如：1) the news that he told me is that tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)the news that tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成

16、分）whether 与 if 均为 “是否” 的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 所取代：主语从句whether he will come is unknown. 2. 表语从句，如：the question is whether you should accept it.3. 同位语从句，如：the question whether hell attend the meeting is not decided.4. 从句作介词的宾语，如： im not interested in whether theyll go or not. it depends on whether

17、 we have got enough money. 5. 直接跟不定式连用，如she hasnt decided whether to go or not.用if 或whether 填空1. i dont know _ ill be free tomorrow.whether /if2. i dont know _ or not ill be free tomorrow.whether3. the question is _ this book is worth writing.whether 4. it depends on _ we will have enough money.whet

18、her5. _ they can do it matters little to us.whether6._ you are not free tomorrow , ill go without you. ifthat在同位语从句与定语从句的区别辨别下列从句是定语从句还是同位语从句1.we heard the news that our team had won.2.we must face the fact that we had spent all our money.3. the news that he told me yesterday was false.4. i have no doubt that he will come soon. 5. the fact is that we have spent all our mo