新GRE Argument模板 总结

1、开头实验结论in this argument, the arguer concludes that doingwill lead to to support the conclusion, the arguer points out thatin addition, the arguer reasons thatthe argument suffers from several critical fallacies.merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement draw

2、s a conclusion that_. to substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that_. in addition, he indicates that_. furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. at first glance, the authors argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but f

3、urther reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. in my point of view, this argument suffers from n logical flaws.首段开头句型:8 x! ?- r: 2 f gin this editorial/argument, the author argues that _.the author also claim that _.to support

4、 these claims the author points out that _. the author also points out that _.this editorial recommends that _.to support this recommendation, the author points out that _.the author also points out that _ ,and that _.finally, the manager cites that _.$ c; x& l- e, q3 u& b$ n j- h/ l 首段结尾句型:i find t

5、he editorial/argument logically unconvincing in several respects. /i find this argument specious on several grounds.( p ?- l5 j, n3 ahowever, the argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands. /however, the argument/editorial relies on a number

6、 of doubtful assumptions and is therefore unconvincing. as discussed below, the argument suffers from several critical flawsthis argument depends on several unsubstantiated assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.! 3 e2 g- u l this argument is problematic /flawed in several critical r

7、espects.9 r% z0 a9 a3 ga careful analysis of the study reveals several problems with the editorials argument.1 / x- r# w0 nthe study suffers from certain statistical and other problems, which render the conclusion based upon it unpersuasive.as discussed below, the argument suffers from several criti

8、cal flaws and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.however, careful scrutiny of the evidence reveals that it accomplishes little toward supporting the directors claim, as discussed below. w$ m6 o, _* z2 t4 a9 however, close scrutiny of the managers argument reveals several unproven assumptions, wh

9、ich render it unconvincing.& n8 k# q, n. |- .the argument suffers from several logical flaws and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.自己应该干吗 根据观察和现象自己改正 根据因果in this argument, the arguer recommends that should advise to to justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that thus should follow

10、 the studys recommendation and in order to 自己尝试新方法 根据预测 和 假想the conclusion in this argument is that can expect to by doing in support of this prediction, the arguer claims that moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; this argument is fraught with vague, oversim

11、plified, and unwarranted assumptions.换一个供应商in this argument, the arguer advocates that should this recommendation is based on the observation that meanwhile, the arguer assumes to be a better choice because this argument is problematic for reasons.自己应该干吗 根据其他州的情况in this analysis, the arguer claims t

12、hat should to substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of where in addition, the arguer assumes that this argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文：the major problem with this argument is that another flaw that weakens this argument is that. in addition, the arguer igno

13、res several factors that might undermine the argument. the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence for instance since whats more etc.样本的问题：when samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the gen

14、eration they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization调查survey 的问题：the sample of the survey conducted by the is vague.but we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions.（民意测验）how many people partic

15、ipated?the sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：（平均值）the study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between（实验的数据不可靠） the data of the research is unconvincing （样本太小）the sample is too small to. （光数字没比例）the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion o

16、f the survey 还是ratio?insufficient sampleif the respondents only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole group, we should not be so sure about the conclusion that the whole groupthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.it was only carried out in sun city, but the arguer applies its resul

17、t to all the companys markets while doesnt show us whether sun city is a representative market of the whole markets.实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用 有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：but the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：the comparison in this argument is inco

18、mplete and selective. the arguer discovers that however, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding respectively 别的因素：furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that may unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.it is very likely that

19、and hence varies significantly.没有因果：confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does no

20、t follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样finally, the arguer hints that but he fails to analyze the causes. is it because or because ?-其他：the fact that does not necessarily imply that first of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. according to the cited studies which is understandable.it is very likel

21、y that and hence varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time for doing respectively the survey is based on two isolated examples. the arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.how large was the samplehow many people participated?what extent do this participators improve their speed?t

22、he arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the abcs performance.循环假设the arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that -1调查类错误unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of _and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable

23、to gauge_ generally. the number of respondents/samples in itself does not ensure representativeness. for example, if the sample included only_, then the results would no doubt suggest _. or if _, (1200) would account for only a little percentage, which would render the result of the survey meaningle

24、ss.2. 充分必要条件(1) sufficient evidencea. the argument assumes too hastily that _will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts. perhaps,_. moreover,_.b. the fact that a is not sufficient for the prediction that b .(2) necessary conditionthe editors recommendation depends on the assu

25、mption that no factors other than a caused b . however, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. a myriad of other factors, including _or _, might just as likely be the cause of b . to be specific,_. without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably

26、 conclude that only by _ can_.3. 因果关系（1）the arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that _and the claim that_. this argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. perhaps, for example, _results from_.（2）the

27、argument observes a correlation between a and b , then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. however, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for b . for example, _. any of these factors might lead to b . without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclud

28、e that a is responsible for b.4. 范围变化错误(1) 个体-整体the argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例 typify nationwide 整体情况. if this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况 thus, lacking more marketing information about _ nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit

29、of the memos recommendation.(2)整体-个体one problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about _ applies equally to 个体成员， yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. perhaps _; or perha

30、ps _ . without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that _.5. 外推类错误the author claims that _, because _ . the author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time. the assumption is unwarranted because things rar

31、ely remain the same over extended periods of time. there are likely all kinds of difference between a and b . for example, a_; however, b_. any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that _.6fa错误the arguers recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between a and

32、b. the analogy falsely depends on the assumption that _ in both a and b are similar. however, it is entirely possible that a与b存在很大的不同. in short, without accounting for important possible differences between a and b, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help a_ .7. 非此即彼 either

33、oreven assuming a is not the reason for the b , the author falsely assumes that the b must be attributable to c. this “either-or ” argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the b . for example, perhaps 其他可能原因, or perhaps 其他可能原因结尾：to sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility b

34、ecause the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. to strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.in summary, the conclusion reached in

35、 this argument is invalid and misleading.in conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between to strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that to better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about as it stands, the argument is not well

36、reasoned. to make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that is the only condition that additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the to conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.to sum up, this arguer fails to substantia

37、te its claim that_, because the evidences cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. to make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_. additionally, he would have to demonstrate that_. therefore, if the argu

38、ment had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.其他论述段结尾句:in short, without ruling out other possible explanations for the difference between _/(scenarios), the author cannot safely/reasonably conclude that/(reasonably rely on these stati

39、stics to support the claim that) _% w d( b, u& q0 y, nin short, without evidence that all other conditions that might affect _, the authors claim that _ is dubious at best.总结,结论用语:in the absence of/lacking data concerning that total amount of _, the credibility of the result of the survey is skeptic

40、al /unfounded/groundless/open to doubt.unless the arguer can provide substantial/valid/solid/concrete evidence concerning _, the conclusion can not be properly/safely drawn,in sum, the authors evidence accomplishes little toward supporting the authors argument for _to evaluate the conclusion more ef

41、ficiently/to make the conclusion more convincing/to justify this claim, the author must provide supporting evidence.$in short, without evidence that all other conditions that might affect _, the authors claim that _ is dubious at best.in sum, the editorial relies on a series of dubious assumptions,

42、which render it wholly unpersuasive.to strengthen it(the argument) the author must show that _, and that _to (further) bolster the editorials claims the author must provide clear evidence that reason a , and not some other phenomenon, was in fact responsible for (a increase/decline in _)因为用别人的句子其实是每

43、个人都按自己的理性的行为结果是集体的非理性呵呵容易出现拼写错误的词:assumption, available, guarantee, account, possibility, moreover,承接therefore/thus/hence/so/consequently/clearly/moreover/besides r9 d$ c6 x! _. u7 引导结论conclude/claim/assert/propose$ l) m: a8 g0 s3 z显示,表明show/imply/prove/indicate/illustrate/demonstrate建议recommend/sug

44、gest/advise倡议advocate预言,预计predict/project/forecast/expect调查,统计的准确性:many _ were actually excluded from the survey.the result of the survey lacks validity/credibility/reliability and therefore could not lend strong support to the arguers claim/propose.1 v # _% b* 5 k& dthe result of the survey lacks v

45、alidity/credibility because/as the sample is too limited.the survey does not provide complete information concerning the effect _the number reported _ does not necessarily reflect the number actually _& % h) v5 a % |4 wthe statistics comparing _ might be distorted in one or more respects! k8 u6 y6 %

46、 (these statistics were based only on data from _.1 k% p7 y# f- i& q6 m) ?- wthe cited statistics about _ might be unreliable in other respects as well.it is unfair to conclude from one survey suggesting that _0 j6 q/ c9 i2 zmoreover, a single survey taken just prior to _ is sustainable.although the

47、 number of _ is relatively high, the per _(capita) number might be relatively low.a与b之间的关系(主要是因果关系):a bears some relation to b./(establish) a casual relationship between a and b6 ?! g( e% w/ b v9 d+ l! 4 hno evidence was given to substantiate the claim that a contribute to bthe fact that a does not

48、necessarily follow that b- _% i% n0 w3 k0 zthe mere fact that a proves nothing about b.c9 q# t9 ; c( x( o ?the inference rests on the assumption (a) that b is unconvincing.a与b 的进行比较(类比,类推)的问题:& r8 ?, q$ m* b6 + s# f s. w30) are the two towns/companies comparable at every aspect?31) the comparison be

49、tween a and b is incomplete, hence/consequently we can hardly evaluate that _32) the argument is unconvincing because it is based on a false analogy.33) without showing that all other conditions in the two areas have been essentially the same, the author cannot convince me that _5 5 a$ n( 9 e( c% ?作

50、者忽视其他原因的问题:34) the arguer ignores other possible factors that may also leads/contribute to_. perhaps _ or perhaps _ more over,35) there is a good chance that _/it is entirely/highly possible that_ + 9 a# q p # x36) the arguer fails to take into account / rule out the possibility that _, thus/hence/t

51、herefore we can not evaluate the overall effect of _37) the author overlooks the possibility that (only a small portion of )_ j, o$ , v/ q# 38) the author also ignores the possibility that _作者偷换概念,错误等同的问题:39) the arguer does not differentiate between _ and _作者提供信息不完全,或所给论据不支持论点的问题:9 . s x, ) ; e; |1 a$ h z+ t3 x40) the arguer does not provide/offer any information concerning the _./no information concerning _ is provided. s2 m, s, i9 m341) however, this evidence provides little credible support for the arguments/editorials conclusion/assertion.