THE GAS TURBINEPower Compression

1、power & compression systemsthe gas turbine andthe environment aboutthe instructor:tony giampaolo, p.e. is president of power & compression systems, an engineering company providing custom designed control systems, design audits, feasibility studies, field test, and forensic engineering for engines,

2、turbines, compressors, and control systems in simple and cogeneration cycle applications. giampaolo has written a book the gas turbine handbook: principles and practices and articles for oil & gas journal, diesel & gas turbine worldwide, and western energy magazines. he is a registered professional

3、engineer in california, florida, and ohio, holding both bachelor and master of science degrees in mechanical engineering. he has been a part-time faculty member at california state university.p.o. box 3028, mission viejo, ca 92690 phone (949)582-8545 fax (949)582-8992contentsintroductiondefine envir

4、onmentdefine gas turbinelarge, medium, & small (micro-turbine 100kw)gas turbines impact on the environmentair pollutionnoise pollutionenvironments impact on the gas turbinecompressor foulingturbine erosion & corrosiongas turbine applications under deregulationintroductionthe affects of the environme

5、nt on the gas turbine and the efforts to reduce the gas turbines impact on the environment have a major impact on the expense of operating and maintaining a gas turbine. this presentation addresses the impact gas turbines have on the environment and conversely the impact the environment has on gas t

6、urbines. emissions will be discussed relative to natural sources of airborne contaminants, firing temperature, and fuel choice. also, techniques to reduce emissions in the combustor and turbine exhaust will be examined. the impact of the environment on the gas turbine will focus on monitoring and co

7、ntrolling the quality, temperature, and relative humidity of the inlet air. how these affect unit performance, efficiency and fuel consumption will be weighed.both large and small-scale gas turbines will be important power sources throughout the next 100-to-200 years. to ensure continued acceptance,

8、 emissions must be eliminated or significantly reduced, component life must be increased, and operating cost must be reduced. some of the techniques to achieve these goals will be addressed.the information discussed in this presentation is excerpted from my book the gas turbine handbook: principles

9、& practices, available through the fairmont press, inc.environmentthe environment is all of the external factors, such as water, soil, climate, light, and oxygen affecting an organism. specifically, in our case, it is the atmosphere or the ocean of air we live in.atmosphere is defined as a mixture o

10、f gases surrounding any celestial object that has a gravitational field strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping. the principal constituents of our atmosphere on earth are nitrogen (78 percent) and oxygen (21 percent). the atmospheric gases in the remaining 1 percent are argon (0.9 percent),

11、 carbon dioxide (0.03 percent), varying amounts of water vapor, and trace amounts of hydrogen, ozone, methane, carbon monoxide, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon.greenhouse effect describes the role the atmosphere plays in insulating and warming the earths surface. the atmosphere is largely transpare

12、nt to incoming short-wave solar radiation, which is absorbed by the earths surface. much of this radiation is then reemitted from the earth at infrared wavelengths, but it is reflected back to the earth by gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone in the atmosphere. the reflect

13、ed radiation maintains the temperature of the earth in a range that is hospitable to life. this heating effect is the basis of the theories concerning global warming.the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing by 0.4 percent a year note: 0.4% of 0.03% = 0.00012% increase per y

14、ear because of the use of fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. the clearing of tropical forests has also been a contributing factor. other gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons, are increasing even faster. the net effect of these increases could

15、be a worldwide rise in average global temperature of 1.0 to 3.5 c (1.8 to 6.3 f), with a best estimate of 2.0 c (3.6 f), by 2100. warming of this magnitude would alter climates throughout the world, affect crop production, and cause sea levels to rise significantly. if this happened, millions of peo

16、ple would be adversely affected by major flooding.greenhouse effect, microsoft encarta 97 encyclopedia. 1993-1996 microsoft corporation. all rights reserved.note:1 cubic meter=35.3 cubic feet1 milligram (1mg)=0.00004 oz. (0.4x10-4)1 microgram (1mg)=0.00000004 oz (0.4x10-7)divisions of the atmosphere

17、major air pollutantsmajor air pollutantssources of major air pollutants include individual actions, such as driving a car, and industrial activities, such as manufacturing products or generating electricity. note: 1 cubic meter (1m3) is equal to 35.3 cu ft; 1 milligram (1 mg) is equal to 0.00004 oz;

18、 1 microgram (1g) is equal to 0.00000004 oz. define gas turbinegas turbine is an engine that employs gas flow as the working medium by which heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy. therefore, all gas turbines are gas generators. gas turbines are often classified by their physical size, by

19、 the amount of power they produce, by their design criteria, or by their originally intended or modified use. therefore, we have aircraft or jet engines and aero-derivatives describing engines originally built for flight applications and modified for stationary, land based applications; and we have

20、industrial engine designs that are similar to steam turbines - these are often identified as heavy industrial gas turbines. this was the design that existed in the first quarter of this century. it was this gas turbine design that dr. w.j. stern, then director of the south kensington laboratory decl

21、ared unworkable as a power source for british fighter aircraft. several years later frank whittle demonstrated a workable lightweight gas turbine and became the father of the modern jet engine (he shares this honor with hans pabst von ohain who developed a similar engine for germany at approximately

22、 the same time). large, medium, & small (micro turbine 5.0umdust, rain, fog, chemicals, minerals & metals 1-2umdust, salts, fog, soot, chemicals, minerals & metals 0.3-0.5umhydrocarbon emissions, smog.filter typesinertial separatorswith & without dust removal capabilityprefilterssimilar in purpose t

23、o the inertial separatorintermediate filters with & without viscous coatinghigh efficiency filterscannister filterswith & without self-clean feature, and with & without prefiltersfiltration problems the filter may not be properly installed, the wrong type of filter media may have been installed, the

24、 filter element may not be properly maintained, the filter plenum may not be properly maintained, the operating environment has changed since the unit was installed.factors affecting filter performance air velocity through the filter filter medias ability to tolerate moisture air leaks around the do

25、ors and windowshow to improve filter performance set a target for delta-p load filter to the “d-p” target use prefilter warp (after “d-p” is reached) to extend time at this level of filter efficiency. eliminate the use of manual operation of self-clean system.compressor fouling2% drop in hc = (cdp/p

26、inlet)k-1/k - 1(t2/ta)-12% drop cdp at constant speed and load35% reduction in load capacity plus a onepsig decrease in cdp at constant citcarbo blast*water washcleaning agentssoap solutiongas turbine applications under deregulationpower generation electric mechanical drive (compressors, pumps, etc.

27、)waste heat recoverycogenerationheating and/or coolingcombined cyclepower generationwhere applied:central power plant on-site power productionup to 20% (or 1300megawatts) of californias power forecasted demand of 6500mw by the year 2005 is projected as being potentially met by distributed generation

28、. california manufacturer article whats in it for you by eric wong, spring 1997epri projects the distributed energy resources up to 5 megawatts in size will meet 20% to 30 % of the nations demand over the next 20 years. california manufacturer article whats in it for you by eric wong, spring 1997ove

29、r the next 10 years utilities will shutdown nearly 20 gw of nuclear capacity that will have reached the end of its life. gas turbine based combined-cycle units will probably replace many of those retired nuclear units. combustion turbines move markets, by jonh c. zink, ph.d., p.e., power engineering

30、, march 199885% of our electrical outages occur due to transmission and distribution network problems. california manufacturing article whats in it for california by tom tanton, spring 1997the cost of new transmission is approximately $1,000,000 a mile. a regulators perspective on distributed resour

31、ces, by renz d. jennings, cader 1997 distributed resources conference september 15, 1997.for on-site applications to be successful they must be less expensive to install and operate than the alternative of purchasing power (or heat).these new gas turbines must be more efficient and produce less cont

32、aminants. more efficient units will burn less fuel, and generate less co2 per unit of power produced.gas turbine applicationsgeneralpower generation electric mechanical drive (compressors, pumps, etc.)waste heat recoverycogenerationheating and/or coolingcombined cyclepower generationgas turbine appl

33、ications after deregulationon-site power production up 20%-30%provided by units under 5 mwscaqmd environmental rules & regulationsrule 1110.2owners/operators of stationary engines with an amended rule 1110.1 emission control plan submitted by july 1, 1991, or an approved emission control plan, desig

34、nating the permanent removal of engines or the replacement of engines with electric motors, in accordance with subparagraph (d) (1)(a), shall do so by december 31, 1999, or reduce the emissions from the engines to the limits listed in table vi in accordance with the following schedule: (i) by januar

35、y 1, 1999, submit applications for permit to construct and permit to operate the engines and control equipment; (ii) by september 30, 1999, initiate control equipment installation; and (iii) by december 31, 1999, have the engine under compliance.table vialternative to electrificationnoxvocco0.15 g/bhp-hr0.15 g/bhp-hr 0.6 g/bhp-hr