北航科学写作与报告大作业

1、.1 Why do scientific write1.1 科技论文促进学术交流写作与发表的科技论文则正是科技工作者之间进行科学思想交流的永久记录，也是科学的历史，它记载了探索真理的过程，记载了各种观测结果和研究结果，而科学技术研究是一种承上启下的连续性的工作，一项研究的结束可能是另一项研究的起点;因此，科技工作者通过论文写作与发表形式进行的学术交流，能促进研究成果的推广和应用，有利于科学事业的繁荣与发展。1.2 科技论文有利于科学积累科技论文写作是信息的书面存储活动，通过论文的写作与发表，信息的传递将超越时空的限制，研究成果将作为文献保存下来，成为科学技术宝库的重要组成部分，为同时代人和后人

2、提供科学技术知识，由整个人类所共享。人类整个科学技术历史长河就是由这样一个个浪花汇集而成的。1.3 科技论文是发现人才的重要渠道一篇论文的发表，可能使一个原来默默无闻的科技工作者被发现并受到重用，这在科技史上和当今的事例是很多的。发表论文的数量和质量是衡量一个科技工作者学识水平与业务成绩的重要指标，同时也是考核他们能否晋升学位和技术职务的重要依据。2 How to write and publish a scientific paper最好科学写作方法是，课题研究的开始就是论文写作的开始，即不要等课题完了才写，而应在课题研究一开始就写，因为思考一个比较复杂的问题，借助于写作效果会更好些。写，就

3、是用文字符号把思考的过程一一记录下来，让它们在纸面上视觉化，便于反复琢磨与推敲，使飘浮、抽象、混乱的思维清晰起来，具体化和条理化起来，使思维更缜密。如果把写作贯穿在整个研究工作中，边研究，边写作，则可及时发现研究工作的不足，补充和修正正在进行的研究，使研究成果更加完善;同时也还有这样的可能，即写作灵感的突发，将导致研究方案的重大改进，从而最终提高研究成果的水平和价值。2.1 科研选题科研选题就是选择科研和论文的题目，是科研至关重要的第一步，不论一项科研项目总结出多少篇论文，其题目的内涵和外延都不会超出科研项目本身的范围。科研题目涉及研究的主要方向，是整个研究的中心思想，也是指导研究工作中各向安

4、排的主线，在科研的成败上起着决定性的作用。科研选题必须具备一定的创新性，不仅要继承和发扬已有的科学成就，更重要的是应在继承运用的基础上有所发现、发明和创造。科研的创新性主要可以分为以下三个方面：（1）在原有理论和实践的发展基础上，把研究工作向前推进一步，（2）更新已有的科学研究成就，或对现有科学学术观点进行争论或商榷，（3）填补某一科研领域的空白。科研选题应具有极强的专业性，科学研究是无穷无尽的，向科研的深度和广度进展是永无止境的。随着科学研究的不断深人，学科的分工会越来越细。一个人的精力是有限的，不可能同时在多学科、多领域创造佳绩。因此，连续深人地在某一专业领域进行科学研究，有利于逐步建立自

5、己的特色专长，使自己成为某一领域或者某一学科的专家。2.2 资料收集2.2.1 科技文献的种类科技图书。科技图书大部分是对科研成果、生产技术知识和经验的总结和论述。由于作者对收集到的资料进行了选择、核对、鉴别和整理，因此他传播的知识比较成熟、全面和系统。但是图书的撰写和出版时间较长，因此图书中的内容略为陈旧，不够新颖。而且，学科发展越快，这一领域的图书老化也越快。科技报告。科技报告是某一专题的科学或技术研究成果的正式报告，内容叙述详尽，题目专业具体，实验和推理的数据比较完整，反映了一个团队或者一个专业科学研究的情况。世界上一些主要国家都出版各自的科技报告，其中以美国政府出版的科技报告数量庞大、

6、系统。会议文献。会议文献是指在学术会议上宣读的论文和书面报告，绝大部分设计的是当前某一学科和领域的新成就、新课题。许多学科的重要发现和重大进展，大多是在科技会议上首次公布的。因此，会议文献反映了国内外科学技术发展的水平和趋势。学位论文。学位论文是高等院校或科研单位的毕业生在考取硕士、博士等学位时提出的论文。虽然质量参差不齐，但是一般来说具有一定的独创性。它所探讨的问题专业，对问题阐述得较为系统和详细，对科学研究工作有一定的参考价值。2.2.2 科技文献的检索方法直接法。直接利用检索工具（系统）检索文献信息的方法，这是文献检索中最常用的一种方法。它又分为顺查法、倒查法和抽查法。（1）顺查法。按照

7、时间的顺序，由远及近地利用检索系统进行文献信息检索的方法。这种方法能收集到某一课题的系统文献，它适用于较大课题的文献检索。例如，已知某课题的起始年代，现在需要了解其发展的全过程，就可以用顺查法从最初的年代开始，逐渐向近期查找。（2）倒查法。倒查法是由近及远，从新到旧，逆着时间的顺序利用检索工具进行文献检索的方法。此法的重点是放在近期文献上。使用这种方法可以最快地获得最新资料。（3）抽查法。抽查法是指针对项目的特点，选择有关该项目的文献信息最可能出现或最多出现的时间段，利用检索工具进行重点检索的方法。追溯法。不利用一般的检索工具，而是利用已经掌握的文献末尾所列的参考文献，进行逐一地追溯查找“引文

8、”的一种最简便的扩大信息来源的方法。它还可以从查到的“引文”中再追溯查找“引文”，像滚雪球一样，依据文献间的引用关系，获得越来越多的相关文献。综合法。综合法又称为循环法，它是把上述两种方法加以综合运用的方法。综合法既要利用检索工具进行常规检索，又要利用文献后所附参考文献进行追溯检索，分期分段地交替使用这两种方法。即先利用检索工具（系统）检到一批文献，再以这些文献末尾的参考目录为线索进行查找，如此循环进行，直到满足要求时为止。综合法兼有常用法和追溯法的优点，可以查得较为全面而准确的文献，是实际中采用较多的方法。对于查新工作中的文献检索，可以根据查新项目的性质和检索要求将上述检索方法融汇在一起，灵

9、活处理。检索科技文献使用的检索工具，是图书馆部门在一次文献基础上加工整理、分类编排而成的二次文献，按照著作格式分为题录和文摘。而且，检索工具有多种索引，可以提供多种检索途径。一般来讲，检索途径可以分为以下四种：分类途径、主题途径、著者途径和其他途径等。北航图书馆提供了许多的文献检索系统和工具，例如Elsevier ScienceDirect，SpringerLink等，这里就不详细介绍了。2.3 研究试验研究试验是按照试验设计对所选题目进行实际操作的过程。一般要经过科研方案的设计、试验条件和设备的准备、试验研究、试验结果的整理分析等过程。这里重点介绍一下试验设计和试验结果处理。试验设计。试验方

10、案的设计主要包括以下的内容：试验要达到什么目的？使用哪些检测指标？运用什么仪器设备？如何设置对照组？另外，必须注意试验的随机性、重复性因素，进行数理统计设计和正交试验设计等工作。需要注意的是，试验设计根据研究目标，同时提出几个达到目的的试验方案。当试验方案提出之后，研究者通过对比分析，选取一个可行、可靠的方案进行试验。如果认为几种方案各有特点，也可以几种方案同时开展试验设计。试验结果处理。在科学研究中，必然会得到许多的试验资料和数据，它是一种原始资料。这些数据中不可避免地存在误差。因此，必须对原始的试验数据进行科学的处理，将误差、错误和非本质的资料消除。其中，为了消除和区别误差，研究者创立了误

11、差理论，以得到最接近实际情况的数值。根据误差理论，将误差分为系统误差、过失误差和偶然误差三类，并采用不同的方法进行控制。2.3 论文撰写一般科技期刊论文的组成部分和排列次序为：题目、摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结论建议、致谢、参考文献、附录等内容。2.3.1 题目题目是科技论文的总纲，论文的题名应达到以下几方面的要求。（1）准确具体，简短精炼.要准确地表达论文的中心内容，恰如其分地反映论文的研究范围和深度，文字要简炼，一般不应超过20字。（2）便于检索，容易认读。题名所用词语要有助于选定关键词和编制题录、索引等二次文献，要避免使用非公知、公用的缩略词、字符和代号等。2.3.2 摘要摘要是对论文的

12、内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其作用有二：（1）让读者尽快了解论文的重要内容，以补充题名的不足；（2）为科技情报人员和计算机检索提供方便。文摘中应写的内容一般包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和结论，而重点是结果和结论。2.3.3 引言引言的内容是简明介绍论文的背景，相关领域的前人研究状况，作者的意图与分析的依据，包括追求的目标，研究范围和理论、技术方案的选取等。2.3.4 正文正文是科技论文的核心部分。论文的论点、论据和论证都在这里阐述，占据了论文的主要篇幅。由于论文作者的研究工作所涉及的研究对象、研究方法和研究结果表达方式的不同，所以正文中要写的内容不能作统一规定但总的思路和结构应符合“提出论

13、点，通过论据（事实、数据）来对论点加以论证”这一共同的要求。要实事求是，客观真切，合乎逻辑，层次分明。2.3.5 结论结论是论文的最后总结，是在理论和实验分析的基础上经过严密的逻辑推理而得出的研究成果的描述，其内容要点和撰写要求是：（1）本研究结果说明了什么问题，得出了什么规律性的东西，解决了什么理论和实际问题。（2）研究中有无发现例外或本论文尚难以解释和解决的问题。（3）与前人已发表过的研究结果有哪些不一致，作者作了哪些修正、补充、发展或否定。（4）对进一步深入研究本课题的建议。2.4 论文投稿在科技论文撰写完毕后，研究者希望尽快发表自己的成果。因此，我们必须了解论文的发表形式和发表程序，以

14、便进一步提高论文的校对质量，避免差错。2.4.1 弄清刊物性质科技期刊的性质不同，种类不同，刊登的内容也不相同。科技论文应该投向学术类刊物或者技术类刊物，但是需要了解刊物报道的重点和侧重。一般来说，最好翻阅几期已出版的刊物，从刊登内容和征稿简则中判断稿件是否能投向该期刊。2.4.2 弄清发表周期有的期刊虽然非常适合自己投稿，但是如果其稿源丰富，标准太高，那么出版周期必然很长。如果对自己的论文有信心，时间不紧迫，就可以向该期刊投稿。但是如果论文的时间要求很高，必须尽快发表的话，则不应该选择这一类型的期刊。2.4.3 弄清编辑要求不同期刊对于投稿都有明确具体的要求，比如征稿启示、投稿须知等。这些文

15、件一般公布在刊物上，内容包括办刊宗旨、刊物性质和报道内容，以及对投稿的要求等。投稿前应该仔细阅读，尽量让稿件符合期刊的要求，以减少修改时间。1 Why do scientific writing1.1 Promoting the academic exchangesThe writing and publishing a scientific paper is a permanent record of scientific researchers ideas and mind, as well as a record of science history. It records the pr

16、ocess of exploring the truth and various observation results. Science and technology researching has a close link between the continuity work. The end of a study may be the beginning of another. Therefore, scientific researchers exchange academic ideas by paper writing and publishing, which can prom

17、ote the study and its application.1.2 Conducive to accumulation of scienceScientific papers are written information storage activities. By writing and publishing papers, information delivery will transcend time and space limitations. The research results save as a document to become an important par

18、t of the treasure of science and technology. To provide scientific and technical knowledge generation and posterity is shared by the entire human race. Human history of science and technology as a whole is this one of a wave pool.1.3 An important way to find talentsThe publication of a scientific pa

19、per may have made a previously unknown technology worker known and reused in the history of science and technology. The number and quality of published papers is an important indicator to measure the level of knowledge and business performance of a scientific and technical worker. But also an import

20、ant basis for assessing their ability to promote academic degree and technical positions.2 How to write and publish a scientific paperThe best method to write a scientific paper is to start at the beginning of a research, rather than when the project finished. Thinking is a complex issue, with the a

21、id of in writing the effect will be better. Writing is the letter symbols to be used in the process of thinking, one in the record, let them on the paper-based visual, easy to repeated pondering and scrutiny, to floating, abstract, confusion of thought clear, specific and orderly, thinking more care

22、ful.If the writing throughout the entire research process, research, writing, timely find out the lack of research work, supplement and correction of ongoing research, the research results more perfect; but also possible. The writing inspiration burst will lead to major improvements in the research

23、project research, and ultimately improve level and value of research results.2.1 Research subjectResearch subject is to select a topic of scientific research and thesis, which is the first step of the research. Whether a research program summed up from how many papers, the connotation and extension

24、of the subject will not exceed the scope of the research project itself. Research topics related to the main direction of research, is the central idea of the whole study, but also to guide research work in the main line of the main line, in scientific research plays a decisive role in the success o

25、r failure.Research subject must have a certain innovation, not only to inherit and carry forward the scientific achievements. The most important is to be found on the basis of the use of inheritance, invention and creation. Innovative research can be mainly divided into the following three aspects:

26、(1) Put the research work a step forward from the original theory and practice basis. (2) Update existing achievements in scientific research, or to the existing scientific and academic point of view debate or discussion. (3) Fill the blank of a direction of research field.Research subject should ha

27、ve a strong professional idea. The scientific research inexhaustible, and the depth and breadth of research progress is endless. With the deepening of scientific research, the division of the subject will become more and more thin. A persons energy is limited, one cannot create success in many disci

28、plines and fields. Therefore, the continuous deep in a professional field of scientific research, is conducive to gradually establish their own unique expertise. The better way is to become an expert in a field or a subject.2.2 Information collection2.2.1 Types of scientific literaturesScientific bo

29、oks. Most of scientific books are the summary and discussion of scientific researches, production technology knowledge and experiences. Because the author has chosen, checked, identified and sorted out the collected information, scientific books are more mature, comprehensive and systematic. However

30、, the books are written and published for a long time. The contents of a scientific book may be a little old, not new. Moreover, the faster the development of the subject, the faster the aging of books in this area.Scientific reports. A scientific report is a subject of scientific or technical resea

31、rch results of the official report. Content in detail, specific professional subject, reasoning and experimental data is complete, reflecting on a team or a professional scientific research. Some of the worlds leading countries have published their own science and technology reports. For example, a

32、large number of science and technology reports are published by the government of the United States.Conference papers. A paper of the conference is to refer to the paper and written report that read out in the academic conference. The vast majority of design is the new achievement of a subject and t

33、he field at present, new topic. Important discoveries and major advances in many disciplines, mostly in the academic conferences for the first time. Therefore, the conference papers reflect the level and trend of the development of domestic surgery technology.Degree thesis. A thesis is colleges or s

34、cientific research units of the graduates in obtaining masters and doctoral degrees in the thesis. Although the quality is uneven, it has a certain originality. It discusses the problem of professional, more systematic and detailed exposition of the problem. The work of scientific research has a cer

35、tain reference value.2.2.2 Retrieval methods of scientific literaturesDirect method. Direct use of retrieval tools to retrieve the method of literature information, which is the most commonly used in the literature search method. It is divided into the method, check method and sampling method. (1) N

36、ormal method. According to the order of time, the normal method of literature information retrieval by using the retrieval system from far and near. This method can be used to collect a topic of the system literature, it is applicable to a larger issue of the literature search. For example, beginnin

37、g time of the given topic, now need to understand the whole process of its development, using method from first in the beginning, and gradually to search in the near future. (2) Reverse method. Check method is from the near to the distant, from old to new, inverse time sequence retrieval method usin

38、g retrieval tools. The focus of this method is on the recent literature. Using this method can obtain the latest information. (3) Sampling method. Sampling method is the characteristics of the project, select the projects literature information most likely to appear or at most time period, the use o

39、f retrieval tools to focus on retrieval methods.Tracing method. Without the use of general search tools, but the use of the literature has been mastered at the end of the list of references, one by one to find the citation one of the most convenient way to expand the source of information. It can al

40、so be traced back to the citation to find the citation, like a snowball, based on the reference relationship between the literature, to obtain more and more relevant literature.Comprehensive method The comprehensive method, also known as the circle method, is the method of comprehensive utilization

41、of the above two methods. The comprehensive method not only uses the search tools to carry on the regular search, but also uses the reference literature to carry on the retrospective retrieval, and the two methods are used in different stages. First, the use of retrieval tools (system) seized a numb

42、er of documents, and then to the end of the reference list of reference for clues to find, so the cycle is carried out until the time to meet the requirements. The comprehensive method has the advantage of both common law and tracing method, which can be used to find a more comprehensive and accurat

43、e document. Check for new work of literature retrieval, can according to find the nature of the new project and retrieval requirements of the retrieval methods and fusion together, flexible processing.Retrieval of science and technology literature retrieval tools, departmental libraries in a literat

44、ure based processing, sorting, classification arrangement and secondary literature, according to the book format for bibliographic and abstract. Moreover, there are many kinds of indexes, which can provide many kinds of retrieval methods. Generally speaking, the retrieval approaches can be divided i

45、nto the following four types: classification approach, subject approach, author pathway and other pathways etc. Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Library provides much of the literature retrieval systems and tools, such as Elsevier ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, here is not described

46、in detail.2.3 Research experimentationThe research experiment is the process of the actual operation of the selected topic according to the experimental design. Generally through the design of scientific research programs, test conditions and equipment preparation, test research, test results of the

47、 finishing process. Here to focus on the test design and test results.Experiment design. The design of the test plan mainly includes the following content: what is the purpose of the test? Use which test indicators? What instruments to use? How to set up the control group? In addition, we must pay a

48、ttention to the randomness of the test, the repeatability of factors, such as mathematical statistics design and orthogonal test design. It should be noted that the experimental design according to the research objectives, and put forward a number of test programs to achieve the purpose. After the t

49、est plan is put forward, the researcher chooses a feasible and reliable method to carry on the experiment through the comparative analysis. If we think that several programs have different characteristics, we can also carry out several programs at the same time to carry out experimental design.Treat

50、ment of experimental results. In scientific research, it is necessary to get a lot of test data and data, it is a kind of original data. There is an inevitable error in the data. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with the original experimental data scientifically, and to eliminate the error, error

51、and non essential data. Among them, in order to eliminate and distinguish the error, the researchers created the error theory, in order to get the most close to the actual situation. According to the error theory, the error can be divided into three types: system error, error and accidental error, a

52、nd the control is carried out by different methods.2.3 Paper writingThe composition and arrangement of general scientific and technological periodical papers are as follows: title, abstract, key words, introduction, text, conclusion, references, references, appendix and so on.2.3.1 TitleThe title is

53、 the general principles of scientific papers. The title should meet the following requirements. (1) Accurate and specific, brief refining. To accurately express the content of the paper, to reflect the scope and depth of the paper, the text should be simple, generally should not be more than 20 word

54、s. (2) Easy to retrieve, easy to read. The title words to contribute to the selected keywords and preparation of the bibliography and index of secondary literature, to avoid the use of non-public knowledge, common abbreviations, characters and symbols.2.3.2 AbstractThe abstract of the content of the

55、 paper without comment or comment. Its role is: (1) As soon as possible for readers to understand the important content, to supplement Title deficiencies; (2) For scientific and technical information and computer retrieval provides convenient. The content that should be written in the abstract gener

56、ally includes the purpose, method, result and conclusion of the research work, and the key point is the result and conclusion.2.3.3 IntroductionThe introduction is a brief introduction of the background of the paper. The previous research situation, the authors intention and the analysis of the basi

57、s, including the pursuit of the goal, the research scope and theory, the selection of technical programs, etc.2.3.4 TextThe text is the core part of the scientific and technological paper. The papers argument, argument and argument are described here, occupying the main length of the paper. Due to d

58、ifferent involved in the research work of the authors of the paper the object of study, research methods and research results expression, so the text to write the content can not be as uniform provisions but the general ideas and structure should be in line with the argument, through the argument (f

59、acts and data to demonstrate the common requirements of theory. To seek truth from facts, objective real, logical, clear hierarchy.2.3.5 ConclusionConclusion is at the end of the thesis, is a description of the research results on the basis of theoretical and experimental analysis through the rigorous logical reasoning that, the essential content and writing requirement is: (1) The study results are presented