我国环境侵权的构成要件及制度完善的谈论new

1、 我国环境侵权的构成要件及制度完善的谈论摘 要 近几年来，环境污染事故频频见报，先是美国墨西哥湾原油泄漏事件引起了国际社会的高度关注。再是是中国最大的金矿企业紫金矿业紫金山铜矿湿法厂发生铜酸水渗漏事故。环境污染事故频发已引起全社会的关注，随之而来的就是因环境污染事故而受损的民众应如何去维护自己的合法权益，本文根据现行的法律分析受害者可以解决争议获得赔偿的多元纠纷解决机制解决纠纷机制。此外，本文依据我国现行的法律制度对环境侵权的民事责任进行分析和解读。并从构建环境公益诉讼制度的视角，分析如何完善环境侵权的民事救济制度。Pick to in recent years, environmental

2、pollution accident, was frequently in the first U.S. gulf of Mexico oil spill has caused high attention of the international community. Is Chinas largest gold miners again zijin mountain copper mine wet factory copper acid water leakage accident. Frequent environmental pollution accident has aroused

3、 the concern of the society as a whole, and because of environmental pollution accident and damaged people should be how to maintain their own legitimate rights and interests, according to the legal analysis of current victim can get compensation dispute resolution mechanism of pluralistic dispute s

4、ettlement mechanism to solve disputes. In addition, according to Chinese current legal system of civil liability of environment infringement analysis, and interpretation. And from the Angle of the construction of environmental public interest litigation system, and analysis how to improve the enviro

5、nmental tort civil relief system.关键词 环境权 环境公益诉讼 环境侵权Keywords environment right environmental public interest litigation environment infringement作者简介：高杨，重庆大学法学院，2010级硕士研究生，研究方向：环境与资源保护法。Author introduction: Gao Yang, chongqing university law school, class of 2010 graduate, research direction: environ

6、mental and resources protection law.一、环境侵权的概念First, the concept of environmental tort环境侵权民事责任是指“企业事业单位或者个人由于污染环境、生态破坏或者其他环境方面的民事侵权行为侵害了不特定多数人的人身财产利益，依法应当承担的民事法律后果”。侵权，是民法当中的一个概念，对于环境侵权的研究始于民法中的侵权法。所以本质上环境侵权是传统民法理论发展。其表现为三种形式：一是因环境污染而侵犯他人财产权、人身权等其他权益而应当负有的法律责任；二是因生态破坏侵犯他人财产权应负的民事责任；三是因其他侵犯他人环境权益的行为所应

7、负担的民事责任。民法调整的是平等主体之间的人生和财产关系，虽然环境法保护的法益是公众的环境利益，但是环境侵权所侵害的是公民的人生和财产权益。由此可见，环境侵权更类似与民法范畴的延伸。Environmental tort civil liability refers to the enterprises, institutions or individuals due to environmental pollution, ecological damage, or other environmental tort behavior violated not specific in the ma

8、jority of personal property interests, in accordance with the law shall bear the civil legal consequences . Is a civil tort, in the middle of a concept, for the environment tort research began in the civil law of torts. So the environment infringement is essentially the traditional civil law theory

9、development. Its performance for the three forms: one is due to pollution of the environment infringement of property rights, personal rights and other rights and interests of others, shall bear legal responsibility; 2 it is because of destruction of the ecological property rights infringement other

10、s shall bear civil liability; Three is due to other ACTS of infringement of environmental rights and interests of others shall bear civil liability. Civil law is to adjust the life and property of the relationship between equal subjects, although the environmental law to protect the legal interests

11、of public environmental interests, but the environment infringement is violation of the citizens life and property rights. Environmental tort, therefore, is more similar with the extension of the civil law category.二、从侵权责任法看环境侵权的构成要件Second, from the tort liability act look at the components of the e

12、nvironment infringement侵权行为的构成要件一般包括：有加害行为，具有客观上的损害事实，加害行为与损害事实之间存在因果关系，行为人主观上有过错四个方面。环境侵权作为一种侵权行，应满足侵权构成要件但是环境侵权是一种特殊的侵权责任也有其特殊的规则原则，关于环境侵权的特殊之处，从侵权责任法的规定来看有以下几个方面。Tort constitutive requirements generally include: there is harm behavior, has objectively damage facts, harm behavior and causal relati

13、onship between damage facts, the offender has subjective offence four aspects. Environmental tort, as a kind of tort, shall meet tort constitutive requirements but the environment infringement is a special kind of tort liability principle has its special rules, special on the infringement of the env

14、ironment, from the tort liability law the regulation has the following several aspects.（一）不需有主观过错无过错责任原则的适用(a) does not need to have subjective fault, no-fault liability principle applies我国民法通则规定，“违反国家保护环境防止污染的规定，污染环境造成他人损害的，应当依法承担民事责任。”但是由于成文法都具有滞后性，正如那句法谚讲的“法律一经制定就落后与时代”。法律的制定依据社会现状，社会是不断发展进步的，新事物

15、的不断出现必然导致法律的滞后。因为环境法保障的是公民的环境利益。而民法通则此处的规定“违反”规定才受罚，明显可能会成为环境侵权人逃避法律追究的漏洞，因为在公法上的“合乎规定”“合法排污”与私法上的不影响公民的环境权益，之间有一个真空地带，环境侵权者可以基于环境侵权的合法性规避自己的主观过错，逃避环境侵权责任，因此没有违法性并不能成为免除民事责任的理由，对于那些在合法合规的情况下造成对他人的环境侵害，可以解释为，不需要承担公法上的责任，但是需要承担私法上的责任。 论文网Chinas general principles of the civil law regulation, violation

16、 of state regulations, to protect the environment against the pollution pollution causes damage to others, shall bear civil liability according to law. But due to the statute law has lag, as the syntactic proverbs say once the law fell behind with The Times. Legislation on the basis of social status

17、, the development and progress of society is constantly, new things appear constantly inevitably leads to the lagging of the law. Because environmental protection is a citizen of environmental interests. While the civil law in violation of the provisions herein to be punished, obviously the infringe

18、r may become environment to escape a loophole in the law shall be investigated for, because on the law of legal emission and unconstitutional does not affect on the citizens environmental rights and interests between a vacuum environment violators can be based on the legitimacy of the environment in

19、fringement to evade their own subjective fault, to avoid environmental tort liability, so there is no illegality and cant be exempted from civil liability reasons, for those who are in legal compliance conditions caused by environmental infringement of others, can be interpreted as, do not need to b

20、ear the responsibility of the public law, but need to bear the responsibility of the private law. Net of paper of 环境侵权中的无过错责任是指“一切污染危害环境的单位或者个人，只要自己的污染危害环境的行为给他人造成财产或者人身损害，即使自己主观上没有故意或者过失，也要对其所造成的损害承担赔偿责任”。我国的侵权法以过错原则为原则，以无过错原则为例外。无过错责任原则有利于在环境侵权案件中认定事实。世界各国对于环境侵权普遍采用无过错责任原则，其理由首先，是因为环境侵权的高科技性。无过错责任

21、原则侵权法中的无过错责任的规定有9个，无过错责任一般都会基于替代责任，如饲养动物致害和无民事行为能力，限制民事行为能力人致害。或者基于高科技致害，如环境侵权和机动车与行人、非机动车之间发生的道路交通安全事故。其次，正是由于环境侵权的高科技性的特点，在此类案件中，被侵害人要证明侵权人的过错，往往需要很大的成本，正因为成本和要达到的目的之间有巨大的不对等，所以不符合基本的比例原则。最后，是因为环境污染的发生常常是多种因素交互累积影响，受害者很难清楚地辨别与界定污染者的责任，加重了举证的困难。由此对于此问题，侵权责任法将环境侵权设定为无过错责任对于当事人是否有过错，根本不需要证明。No-fault

22、liability of environment infringement refers to all the pollution is bad for the environment of the entity or individual, as long as their own pollution of the environment property or personal injury caused to others, even his own subjective intent or negligence not, also want to assume liability to

23、 pay compensation of damage done by. Our countrys tort law with fault principle as the principle, no-fault principle as the exception. No-fault liability principle for ascertaining the facts in the environmental tort cases. Countries around the world for environmental tort generally adopt no-fault l

24、iability principle, the reason first, because of high technological environment infringement. No-fault liability principle in tort law no-fault liability rule nine, no-fault liability generally based on the vicarious liability, such as animals and has no capacity for civil conduct, damage caused by

25、the damage caused by the limited capacity for civil conduct. Or based on the damage caused by the high technology, such as the environment infringement and between vehicles and pedestrians, non-motor vehicles over the safety of road traffic accidents. Second, it is because of the characteristics of

26、the environment infringement of high technological, in such cases, the infringer to prove that the infringer fault, often takes a lot of cost, because there is a huge between costs and to achieve the purpose of unequal, so dont conform to the basic principles of proportion. Finally, because the happ

27、ening of the pollution of the environment is often a variety of factors interaction cumulative effect, and the victim is difficult to clearly distinguish and defined the responsibilities of polluters, increased the difficulty of proof. So for this problem, tort liability act to set the environment i

28、nfringement for no-fault liability for whether the parties have faults, dont need to prove.（二）损害事实侵权成立的前提条件(2) the damage to the facts - the premise condition of infringement损害是事实是构成环境侵权的前提，如果没有损害后果也就不构成侵权责任。我国法律对损害事实的规定并不明确。环境侵权的客体是民事权益与环境权益，民事权益包括人身权和财产权，所产生的损失必须是客观存在的，即可以补救的可以确定的。对于非财产损害而言，仅指肉体和精

29、神痛苦。总的来说，侵权责任的成立要以损害后果为前提，对于无损害则无侵权这一点，与违约责任不一样，违约责任的构成并不以损害的存在为前提。Damage is the fact of the matter is the premise of environmental tort, if there is no injury consequence is not constitute infringement responsibility. The provisions of the laws of damage to the facts in our country is not clear. Th

30、e object of environmental tort is a civil rights and environmental rights and interests, including the personal rights and property rights, civil rights arising from the loss must be objective existence, which can remedy can be determined. For the property damage, only refers to the physical and men

31、tal pain. Overall, on the premise of the establishment of tort liability for injury consequence, for that, no damage, no infringement and the liability for breach of contract, liability for breach of contract in the form is not to undermine the existence of the premise.三）污染行为与损害事实之间具有因果关系3) pollutio

32、n behavior and a causal relationship between damage to the facts“决定公害诉讼的成立与否的最重要的争点是原因与损害之间的因果关系”，因果关系对于公害行为之一环境侵权行为认定之重要。但是因果关系的认定非常复杂不统一，加之缺乏相关法律的明确规定，导致了在实践中的做法不统一。英美法系侵权行为的因果关系认定必须以事实上存在因果关系为前提，首先根据社会经验与生活常识判断事实上的因果关系存在，而致害的因素是造成危害结果的因素当中的一个，致害因素是否与危害结果是否构成因果关系通常用“butfor”（若无，则不）来检验，即若不存在这种因素，损害就

33、不会发生，则该因素有可能是损害发生的原因。若不存在这种因素，损害也发生，则该因素就不是损害发生的原因。在我国比较有影响力的是“条件说”和“盖然性因果关系说”。“条件说”认为凡是造成损害的侵权行为，无须区分偶然还是必然，也无须区分行为对损害结果的大小。只要有侵害行为，有损害结果，行为具有致害性，则二者具有因果关系。“盖然性因果关系说”认为因果关系的证成，分为如下几步：首先，只要受害人能证明侵害行为和损害结果在相当程度上具有因果关系，即完成了证明责任，第二，再由被告反证推翻原告主张，若被告不能证明二者不具有因果关系，则认定为具有因果关系，若被告能证明侵害事实与损害结果之间没有因果关系，则认定不具有

34、因果关系。Decided to the establishment of public nuisance suit or not of the most important issue is the causal relationship between cause and damage, causality for public nuisance behaviour is one of the recognized the importance of environmental tort. But do not have a unified the cognizance of causati

35、on is very complex, coupled with the lack of related law stipulates that led to the practice in practice. Common law tort of causality that must be on the premise of causal relationship in fact, first of all, according to the social experience and life common sense to judge in fact causality exists,

36、 and factors of the damage caused is harmful results among the factors that contribute to a, whether the factors to cause harm and harm result whether causality are usually use but for (if not, do not) to test, when there is no such factors, the damage would not have happened, then the factors may b

37、e the cause of the damage occurred. If no such factors, damage also occurred, then the factors, it is not the cause of the damage occurred. In our country more influential is conditions and probability causal relationship said. Conditions think that those who cause damage of tort, do not need to dis

38、tinguish between whether by accident or inevitable, also do not need to distinguish between the size of the result of the damage behavior. As long as there is infringement, there is damage as a result, the damage caused by the behavior with sex, is a causal relationship between them. Probability cau

39、sal relationship said think as justification of causality, is divided into the following steps: first of all, as long as the victim can prove that violation behavior and damage result in much of a causal relationship, to complete the burden of proof, second, again by the defendant disproval to overt

40、hrow the plaintiff argued that if the defendant can prove both do not have a causal relationship, is regarded as a causal relationship, if the defendant can prove that violation of truth and there is no causality between harmful consequences, that does not have a causal relationship.三、环境侵权的民事救济Three

41、, the environmental tort civil relief一般的侵权行为，常常与犯罪发生竞合，所以纠结途径有多种，就横向法律关系而言，可以通过几条途径寻求救济，首先是自力救济，也就是双方协商，达成一致。其次是社会救济，通过人民调解委员会等组织解决争议，寻求救济。再次是，公力救济，也就是向法院起诉，通过诉讼来定纷止争。就纵向法律关系而言，如果侵权行为同时构成了犯罪，还可以追究加害人的刑事责任。这就是完整的救济体系。但是就环境侵权案件而言，存在一些问题，因为环境侵权案件往往波及面广，涉及主体众多，往往会出现“怠诉”或者“累诉”的现象。国外解决此类问题的有先关的公益诉讼制度，而在我国

42、的立法中只有刑事诉讼法人民检察院在侵害行为损害国家利益时，提起公诉可以提起附带民事诉讼。海洋环境保护法中对于海洋的破坏，可以由海洋环境监督管理权的部门代表国家对责任者提出损害赔偿要求。也没有进一步的细致规定。蔡守秋教授倡导环境公益诉讼，他认为“环境公益诉讼是指指自然人、法人、政府组织、非政府非营利组织和其他组织认为其环境权即环境公益权受到侵犯时向法院提起的诉讼，或者说是因为法律保护的公共环境利益受到侵犯时向法院提起的诉讼。”由于环境公益诉讼集中体现了环境权的公众参与原则。是“以第三种调整机制（又称非行政非市场调整机制、社会调整机制、治理机制，它主要适用于公民社会或市民社会civilsociet

43、y，它的主要调整方法是治理governance）为主、充分发挥非政府非营利组织的作用、强调公众参与，综合考虑行政调整、市场调整、社会三种调整机制的作用”的一种新型诉讼。General tort, often with the concurrence of crime, so tangled way to have a variety of, in terms of lateral legal relationship, may seek relief by several means, first of all is to organize, both sides talks things o

44、ver, to reach an agreement. Secondly, social relief, through peoples mediation committees to settle, to seek relief. Again is that public aid force, that is, to the court, through litigation dispute to check. In terms of longitudinal legal relationship, if the infringing act constitutes a crime at t

45、he same time, also can hold the offenders criminal responsibility. This is the complete relief system. But in terms of environmental infringement cases, there are some problems, because the environment infringement cases tend to spread widely, involves the subject of many, often appear idle v. or ti

46、red v. phenomenon. Abroad have first to solve the problem of this kind of guans public interest litigation system, and the legislation in our country only the criminal procedure law of the peoples procuratorate when infringement damage the interests of the state can prosecute civil suit collateral t

47、o criminal proceedings. The Marine environmental protection law for the destruction of the ocean, you can by the Marine environment supervision and management of the department on behalf of the state for those who request for damages. No further detailed rules. Cai Shou professor qiu advocates envir

48、onmental public interest litigation, and he thinks that environmental public interest litigation is pointed to natural persons, legal persons, government organizations, nongovernmental nonprofit organizations and other organizations think that environment public welfare right is the environment righ

49、t infringement when filed a lawsuit to the court, or because of the legal protection of public environmental interests are violated when filed a lawsuit to the court. Because of the environmental public interest litigation centralized embodies the principle of public participation in environment right. Is in the third kind of adjustment mechanism (also known as non-executive non-market adjustment mechanism, the social mechanism, governance mechanism, it is mainly suitable for civil society and civil society civilsociety and it governance governance) is the main adjustmen