WHICHTHAT的就近修饰和跳跃修饰整理

1、2,Construction of the RomanColosseum,which was officially known as the Flavianwhich that就近与跳跃修饰which的用法1、 WHICH 非限1. which指代主句宾语：s+verb+o,which指代 0 （svo,which 指代 s一定错！）2. which 指代主句主语 s:s+verb,which（1）介词+which=连词1. s+verb（+o）+prep+which2. s+verb（+o）,prep+which区别 介词+that=名词I will buy this bookbecause

2、 from that I study a lot. （有 because 作为连接词，不用“介词+which ”结构连接）I will buy this book from which I study a lot.（无连接词，需要用“介词+which ”结构连接）which指代的三种情况：1、紧邻修饰一般情况下，名词，which中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名 词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“Aof B, which ”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）1，The commissi on proposed that funding for developme n

3、t of thepark, whichcould be ope n to the public early n ext year, be obta ined through a local bond issue. Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.Flavian Amphi

4、theatre ： 福雷维安圆形剧场3， In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, whichprevents clotting. thromboxane 生化 凝血噁烷， 凝栓质，血栓素。 阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷

5、prostacyclin n. 【生物化学、药物】环前列腺素，前列腺环素 , 4，The survival of coral colonies, whichare composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but al

6、so by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.,5， In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety ofapproaches, whichinclude reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently

7、from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms., 这些例子都能说明 从属关系 “A of B， which ”中的 which 就近 修饰紧邻的名词B。但是需要注意的是，在“ SVO,which”句 型中，如果 which 指代 S 一定错误， which 如果指代主语， 这样使用 : s+verb, which2 、 跳跃修饰在前有 核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况 下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。

8、下面是几个例子：From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar , which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impedi ng rapids.(A) bagga

9、ge so light(B) baggage being so light(C) baggage, yet being so light(D) baggage, and so light(E) baggage yet was so light答案：E这句话的which离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe很远，中间 隔了一个插入语，还隔了个介词结构about，但只要知道核 心词是canoe就能一目了然找到which应该指的是什么。这 里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。OG12-26Emily Dickins on s letters to Susa n Hun tiDgbkinson werewrit

10、ten over a period beginning a few years before Susan marriage to Emily s brother and ending shortly before Emily death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.A, Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother and ending before Emilys de

11、ath in 18u8tn6u, mo beringB, Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother and ended s before Emily s death in 1886, outnumberC, Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan s marriatgoeEmily s brother tahnadt ends shor

12、tly before Emily s death in 1886and outnumberingD, Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother, endbefore Emily s death in 1886, and outnruinmgbeE, Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage

13、to Emilys brother andshortly before Emily s death in 1886, outnumber 这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词 Susan HuntingtonDick in son，必须跳过介词结构to；修饰核心词letter。 Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies service areas, the merger of the nat

14、ion gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition. 这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词 utility industry ，必须 跳过介词结构in；修饰核心词merger。In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods aga

15、inst both American and Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colonys borders. 这里的 which 不能修饰紧邻的 1698 ；必须跳过介词结构 of 1968 修饰前面的核心词 act。One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a re

16、sult of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glutGlut n. （商品）供过于求；大量The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission, on pain of de

17、ath.有人这里会说这不是 A of B； which 吗？ wh i ch 应该紧邻修饰 啊？其实不然；因为 of 1968 和前面的那些 A of B 实际上用 法不一样；这里是表示时间而不是 “从属关系 ”。这个时间应 该归在介词结构一类；所以要跳过。on pain of违者以论处OG12SC107Origi nally developed for detect ing air polluta nts, atechnique called proton-induced X-ray emission,which canquickly an alyze the chemical eleme

18、nts in almost any substance without destro ying it, is finding uses in medici ne, archaeology, and crim ino logy.(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, atech nique called prot on-in duced X-ray emissi on,which canquickly an alyze the chemical eleme nts in almost any substa nee withou

19、t destro ying it,(B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substa nee without destro ying it, a tech nique calledprot on-in duced X-ray emissi on(C) A technique originally developed for detecting airpollutants, called pro

20、ton-induced X-ray emission,which canquickly an alyze the chemical eleme nts in almost any substa nee without destro ying it,(D) A technique originally developed for detecting airpolluta nts, called prot on-in duced X-ray emissi on,which hasthe ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any s

21、ubsta nee quickly and without destro ying it,(E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air polluta nts and has the ability to an alyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and withoutdestro ying the substa nee, called prot on- in duced X-ray emissi on,答案（A）答案中which

22、发生跳跃指代，而且emission不处于介词短语 中，这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词 emission，必须 跳过分词修饰结构 called 厂修饰核心词technique。注意这不是 SVO,which 指代 S 了而是 called prot on-i nduced X-ray emissi on 分词形式做后置修饰定语。 GWD-10-Q2: GWD-11-10Marconi s conception of tlradio was as a substitute for the telepho ne, a tool for private con versati on; in s

23、tead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for comm uni cati ng with a large, public audie nee.A, Marconi s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the teleph one, a tool for private con versati on; in stead, it isB, Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telepho ne, a tool f

24、or private con versati on, but which isC, Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private con versati on that could substitute for the telepho ne;in stead, it has becomeD, Marc oni con ceived of the radio to be a tool for privatecon versati on, a substitute for the teleph one,which hasbecomeE,

25、Marc oni con ceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,答案为 C。 B 为啥不好？因为选 B 会有 which 修饰 telephone 的错误， which 应该修饰 radio 的。虽然 which 可以跳跃， 但是 逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候， 应该是就近优先的 ，即使逻辑上完成不了从句的动作， 跳跃也难 保不会被判错，所以 尽可能不跳跃修饰。GMAT题干中曾经用到可以跳跃的 which

26、, which跳跃是可 以接受的， 但是正确选项中很少出现过 which 跳跃修饰的情况， 几乎都被其他结构替代了， 这说明如 果有可以替代的正确选项，那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的 which，因为可能有歧义。C可以避免歧义，it 一般不指代介词短语中的名词，优先指代主语，如果主语是人或者复数不能指代， 则指代宾语 ，我不知道这题的 radio 还算不算宾语，但是至少你读出这个句子的时候，它确实相当于 一个宾语，至少算一个核心词。目前只见过A of B/A in B，which可以指代A，主要都发生在介词短语中。A选项可以我理解是因为 CALLED从句表达的只是tech的另一个名字而已，本质上是同

27、一东西，指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义。目 前我找到的 which 强悍地跳跃， 无视前面的名词的非常少， 而且基本都不出现在选项中， 都是未画线 部分。但是， 可以跳跃不是意味着必定跳跃， 当 which 前面有很多个名词的时候， 不是只要有一个正 确，which就会自动地正确地指代到那个词的。相反， GMAT会优先判断这是修饰混乱。所以，最好 不要有跳跃指代，如果非跳不可，最好是使用单复数区分 which 的指代词。 归纳一下，会发现 which 之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其 原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为 which 的内容太 长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把 which 结构

28、后 置了。3、 特别情况 A and B, which这个which到底修饰谁呢？是 A?是B?还是A and B ？我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个：没有歧义。如果A and B中的B为复数（Bs），which后面动词也是复数， which 指代会有歧义，让人不知道 which 到底指的是什么。As and Bs, which are （which 指 Bs? 或 which 指 As and Bs？ ） A and Bs, which are （which 指 Bs?或 which 指 A and Bs ？） 下面情况没有歧义： 如果 A 和 B 都是单数， which 后面动词复数，

29、没有歧义， which 修饰 A and B 。如果 B 是单数（不管 A 是单数还是复数） ， which 后面动词也 是单数，没有歧义，which修饰B。如果B是复数(不管A是单数还是复数)则必须要用whichtogether，没有歧义，这时 which修饰A and Bs。举两个例子：The huma n n ervous system bears a superficial resembla nee to a teleph one system both because the former carries information in the form of electrical i

30、mpulses and because all of its n eural pathways con verge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a ki nd of cen tral excha nge.Un like the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orb

31、iting space stati on will have to gen erate its own electricity.其实which的指代问题肯定不会只有这些，而且最准确判断 which指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思，但是在实战中有 个别GMAT题目的很难判断本意，所以准备写大方向性的小 结还是必要的。OG12-SC1010.Carni vorous mammals can en dure what wouldotherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-excha nge n etwork whic

32、h kept the brain from gett ing too hot.(A) which kept(B) that keeps(C) which has kept(D) that has bee n keep ing(E) hav ing kept答案 B, In (A) and (C), which introduces a restrictive clause. Some writers follow the conven ti on that which can on ly be used for non restrictive clauses, but in siste nce

33、 on this rule is con troversial, and both (A) and (C) can be rejected on other gro un ds.Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty cen timeters of Baltic Sea sediments , which are consistent with the growth of in dustrial activity there.(A) Baltic Sea

34、sedime nts, which are con siste nt with the growth of in dustrial activity there(B) Baltic Sea sedime nts, where the growth of in dustrial activity is consistent with these findings(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of in dustrial activitysediments from the Baltic Sea, fin

35、dings consistent with the growth of in dustrial activity in the area（E）sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with thegrowth of in dustrial activity there波罗的海答案D为啥A不对？which是可以跳过介词短语或者插入语的，但是不能跳过谓语动词 。svo,which指代s 一定错！ ！ ”但这题中 which跳跃多远都不对，这里 WHICH是指代前面整个句子的意思，而这在GMAT中是一定错的。sediments are consisten

36、t with the growth of in dustrial activity there 逻辑意思有错误， 只有 finding ， result，means，forms 之类的 抽象名词才能be consistent with ,某个具体的东西不行。that用法：适用范围（1）不定代词为先行词（2） any , all, each, every, little, few, no, much, many为先行词（3）“人+物”为先行词序数词为先行词最高级为先行词例句： The boy and the bike that are in the room,（4） the only, the

37、very, the most为先行词（注意，the 不可省略）1定语从句：a. subject+verb.+object+ that +verb.+object ，that就近指代修饰离that最近的名词2定语从句中出现后置定语（介词短语分词）S+verb+O+（prep+C）+that+verb.+objectS+verb+O+that+verb+O+（prep+c）3.that不能指代人物be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limits4,sth

38、 that , and that(that 不可省略)OG85 . Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization _that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.(A) that flurished

39、at the same time as the civilizations(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations(C) that flourished at the same time those had(D) flourishing at the same time as those did(E) flourishing at the same time as those were答案A0G12-126 The use of lie detectors is based on the assumpti

40、onthat lying produces emotionalreacti ons in an in dividual that , in tur n, create uncon scious physiological resp on ses.(A) that , in turn, create unconscious physiological responses(B) that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn(C) creat ing, in tur n, uncon scious physiological res

41、p on ses(D) to create, in turn, physiological responsesthat are unconscious(E) who creates uncon scious physiological resp on ses in tur n答案A, that跳跃一个介宾结构修饰reactions这题有意思的地方还在于 E干扰选项,who紧跟在 in dividual后面，出题机构现在变得很阴险喽，如果不去理解逻辑意思只是快速看语法修饰，很容易误 选E所以也验证了很多同学说的，现在语法比以前更倾向于从句子逻辑角度出题考prep语法-6题that就近指代 Aof

42、 B,that指代BThe list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded to in elude the lower vertebrates.(A) exhibits a prefere nee of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded to

43、 in clude(B) exhibits the prefere nee to use either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded and in cludes(C) exhibit a prefere nee in either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded to in clude(D) exhibit a prefere nee for usin

44、g either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded to in clude(E) exhibit the prefere nee as to either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded and in cludes这个that修饰谁呢？答案 D！ that是修饰animals只有动物才会 exhibit a preferenee of either usi

45、ng the right or the left hand ， list 怎么会 exhibits a preferenee of either using the right or the left hand 呢GWD31-24-41.In California, a lack of genetic variation in the Argentine ant has allowed the species to spread widely; due to their being so gen etically similar to one ano ther, the an ts eon s

46、ider all their fellows tobe a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limits thespread of this species in its n ative Arge nti na.due to their being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows tobe a close relative and thus

47、 do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limitsthatA. due to its being so genetically similar the ant considers all its fellows to be a close relativeand thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limitB. because it is so gen etically similar, the an t

48、 con siders all its fellows to be close relatives andthus does not en gage in the kind of fierce in terco lony strugglesthat limitsC. because they are so gen etically similar to one ano ther, the ants con sider all their fellows to be close relatives and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce inte

49、rcolony struggles that limitD. because of being so gen etically similar to one ano ther, the an ts con sider all their fellows tobe a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limits答案D不是直接考that指代，它考到了谓语单复数问题，that这里的指代the kind of fierce intercolony struggl

50、es名词词组，所以limit用单数.because of与due to问题记住because of后面不能跟动词以及具有动词功能的动名词 ,而due to=be caused by 基本上 gmat 不会选有 due to 的选项； due to means caused by, due to 只有在 能使用caused by的情况下被用在句子里The game was postp oned due to rain, wrongThe game was postp oned because of rain, correctThe games postp on eme nt was due to

51、 rain, correctBecause of和due to的一个相同点是它们之后只能加名词或名词性词组E于that引导定语从句的跳跃修饰：1 . N +介词短语+ that(1) N +介词短语+ that中that跳跃修饰N885-4-21. With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a

52、way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality o

53、f urban life and attract(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract答案C,从逻辑意思上看，that应修饰communities(2) N +介词短语+ that中that就近修饰(例子就不举了, 很常见)2. A of B +

54、 that(1) A of B + that 中 that 指代 BOg10-1 The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce occurring when a child.(A) occurring when a child(B) occurring when children(C) that occurred when a child(D) that occurred when the

55、y were children(E) that has occurred as each was a child 答案为D; that就近指代a divorce;(2) A of B + that 中 that 指代 A 的：Og10-168. Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.(A) double the apples that it has(B) twice a

56、s many apples as it did(C) as much as twice the apples it has(D) two times as many apples as there were(E) a doubling of the apples that it didChoice B, the best an swer, correctly uses the adverbial phrase twice as many. to modify the verb produces; properly employs many rather tha nmuch to describ

57、e a qua ntity made up of countable units (apples); and appropriately substitutesdid for the un derstood produced to express the logically n ecessary past ten seof produces. Choice A awkwardly substitutes the adjective double for twice; usesthat without a clear refere nt; and misuses has to refer to

58、eve nts occurri ng in 1910. Choice C employs the in correct much in a wordy con structi on and also misusesias. D is wordy and imprecise;. as there were in 1910refers to all apples produced in 1910, regardless of locationE is illogical: sincethat refers toa doubling,E nonsensically asserts that the doubling occurred in 1910.GWD 32-2Written in ink or engraved by stylus, more than 2,000 letters and docu