英语演讲的艺术week-one完整版

1、 Pre-class Explanation Teachers self-introduction: Wu Dianlong Course grading: 1. introductory speech (40%) 2. informative speech (40%) 3. attendance (20%) Textbook: Stephen E. Lucas, with Yin Suya, The Art of Public Speaking, 10th Edition, Specially Adapted for Chinese Readers (Beijin

2、g Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2010) Stephen E. Lucas and Big Dragon Modern famous speakers Franklin Roosevelt Martin Luther King Margaret Thatcher Nelson Mandela etc. Franklin Roosevelt Martin Luther King Margaret Thatcher Nelson Mandela Enjoy a Video from Gu Qiubei 顾秋蓓，2003年21世纪杯全

3、国英语演讲比赛冠军 Overview of Public Speaking Course introduction Course objectives Types of speeches 7 elements of communication process Speak confidently and ethically Course Introduction Improve skills of writing and presenting effective public speeches Special emphasis on informative and persuasive disc

4、ourse Benefit you in your future career and life as a citizen in a global age Course Objectives To improve your ability to write effective public speeches To improve your ability to deliver effective public speeches To improve your ability to think critically and to apply the skills of critical thin

5、king to the analysis of written and oral texts To improve your ability to listen effectively to public speeches Types of Speeches Introductory speech Informative speech Persuasive speech Commemorative speech Introductory Speech Introduce yourself (or anyone around you) Focus on some aspect of your (

6、anyones) personality, background, beliefs, or aspirations This is your assignment One part of final examination Hand in one manuscript next class Be delivered in week 7 Informative Speech Inform the audience about an object, concept, process, or event Use of a visual aid is required One part of fina

7、l examination Be delivered in week 13 Persuasive Speech To persuade the audience for or against a question or policy Seek either passive agreement or immediate action from the audience Emphasis is given to evidence and reasoning in constructing persuasive arguments Commemorative Speech To pay tribut

8、e to (称赞，歌颂）a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea Seek to use language creatively and imaginatively so as to invest the topic with dignity, meaning, and honest emotion. Seven Elements of Communication Process Speaker-演讲者 Message-信息 Channel-渠道 Listener-听众 Feedback-反馈 Interference-干扰

9、 Situation-场景 Speaker Your success as a speaker depends on: Personal credibility Knowledge of the subject Preparation of the speech Manner of speaking Sensitivity to the audience and the occasion Enthusiasm Message Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else Depends on what you say (verbal messa

10、ge) and how you say it (nonverbal message) Narrow your topic down to something you can discuss adequately in the time allowed for the speech Choose supporting details to make your ideas clear and convincing Organize your ideas well Express your message in accurate, clear, vivid and appropriate words

11、 Send a message with your tone of voice, appearance, gestures, facial expression, and eye contact Make sure your nonverbal message not distract from your verbal message Channel Means by which a message is communicated Use one or more channels, each of which will affect the message received by the au

12、dience Radio, television, microphone, etc. Listener Person who receives communicated message Take account of listeners frames of reference (参考框架，sum of persons knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes) Audience-centered Feedback The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a s

13、peaker Lean forward; applaud in approval; laugh at your jokes; quizzical looks on their faces; shuffle their feet and gaze at the clock Be alert to these reactions and adjust your message accordingly Interference Anything that impedes the communication of a message External: traffic outside, peoples

14、 conversation in the hall, a room that is stifling hot or freezing cold Internal: toothache, any other pain, worry about the CET4/6, brood about an argument with his girlfriend Situation The time and place in which speech communication occurs Certain situations: funerals, weddings, graduation ceremo

15、nies, open ceremonies Physical setting: a speech is presented indoors or out, to a densely packed crowd or to a handful of scattered souls Speak Confidently and Ethically Becoming a confident speaker: a) nervousness is normal b) dealing with nervousness Being an ethical speaker a) guidelines for eth

16、ical speaking b) plagiarism Becoming a Confident Speaker Stage fright: anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience US national survey: 42% of respondents-giving a speech as top fear; in comparison, only 28% said theyre afraid of dying Nervousness is Normal Stage fright is a

17、common occurrence Greatest public speakers in history suffered from it: Mahatma Gandhi, Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill Recently: Li Yang-stage fright before his first Crazy English lecture; Leonardo DiCaprio DiCaprio nervous about giving an acceptance speech when winning the Academy Award Actors

18、 nervous before a play, musicians before a concert, athletes before a game Most experienced speakers have stage fright: a throat constricted with terror and a furiously thumping heart The question is : How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you rather than against you? Dealing Wit

19、h Nervousness Not try to eliminate stage fright Transform it from a negative force into positive nervousness-a zesty, enthusiastic, lively feeling Stage fright is considered as stage excitement or stage enthusiasm Ways of Making It Acquire speaking experience Prepare, prepare, prepare Think positive

20、ly Use the power of visualization Know that most nervousness is not visible Dont expect perfection Additional tips Acquire Speaking Experience Stage fright: fear of the unknown Proceed by trial and terror As time goes on, fears will gradually recede Finally replaced by only a healthy nervousness bef

21、ore you rise to speak Prepare, Prepare, Prepare Pick speech topics you truly care about Prepare your speech thoroughly Each minute of speaking-one to two hours of preparation time, perhaps more Proper preparation can reduce stage fright by up to 75% Study your audience and select a topic that will i

22、nterest them Practice it several times before two or three trusted friends Think Positively Confidence is the well-known power of positive thinking If you think you can do it, you usually can If you predict disaster and doom, that is almost always what you will get Ways of Transforming Negative Thou

23、ghts into Positive Ones I wish I didnt have to give this speech- This speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker Im not a great public speaker- No ones perfect, but Im getting better with each speech I give Im always nervous when I give a speech-Everyones nervous. I

24、f other people can handle it, I can too No one will be interested in what I have to say-I have a good topic and Im fully prepared. Of course theyll be interested For each negative thought, counter with at least five positive ones Use the Power of Visualization Mental imaging in which a speaker vivid

25、ly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation Repeat this visualization several times in the days before you speak It doesnt guarantee your success, but will help control your nervousness and craft a successful presentation Know That Most Nervousness Is not Visible Novice speakers

26、worry about appearing nervous to the audience Hard to speak with poise and assurance if you think you look tense and insecure Your nervous system may be giving you a thousand shocks, but the viewers can see only a few of them Make yourself look calm Dont Expect Perfection Theres no such thing as a p

27、erfect speech Every speaker says or does something that doesnt come across exactly as he or she had planned If you momentarily lose your place, reverse the order of a couple statements, or forget to pause at a certain spot, just proceed as if nothing happened Martin Luther Kings “I Have a Dream”, he

28、 stumbles over his words twice Dont panic about being perfect or about what will happen if you make a mistake Free yourself of these burdens, gain confidence and enthusiasm Additional Tips Be at your best physically and mentally As youre waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles,

29、or squeeze your hands together and then release them Take a couple slow, deep breaths before you start to speak Work especially hard on your introduction Make eye contact with members of your audience Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than worrying about your stage fright Use vi

30、sual aids Being an Ethical Speaker Ethics: the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs Whether a course of action is moral or immoral, fair or unfair, just or unjust, honest or dishonest Guidelines for Ethical Speaking Make sure your goals are ethically sound

31、2. Be fully prepared for each speech 3. Be honest in what you say 4. Put ethical principles into practice Make Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound Speakers first responsibility: whether your goals ethically sound During WWII, Hitler stirred that German people to condone war, invasion, and genocide S

32、upport Beijings bid for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games; Report on a business project; Raise money and help a student who is ill Be a responsible public speaker Be Fully Prepared for Each Speech A speech is a solemn responsibility not only to yourself, but to your listeners Fully be prepared for your

33、speech: analyzing your audience, creating visual aids, organizing your ideas, rehearsing your delivery Not communicate erroneous information or misleading advice Be Honest in What You say Public speaking rests upon: words can be trusted and people will be truthful Dishonesty in public speaking: juggling statistics, quoting out of context, misrepresenting sources, painting tentative findings as firm conclusions, p