双语版财务会计 第二章

1、Cash and ReceivablesChapter 2 Learning Objects Understand and grasp the internal controls of Cash and Bank Grasp how to make Bank Reconciliations（银行调节 表） Master the methods of dealing with the Doubtful Accounts （呆账，可疑账款） Master how to record assignment of Receivables（应 收账款转让） Cash and Receivables Wh

2、at is cash? Management and control of cash Accounting for cash Reporting cash Summary of cash-related items CashReceivables Recognition of accounts receivable Valuation of accounts receivable Recognition of notes receivable （应收票据） Valuation of notes receivable Disposition of accounts and notes recei

3、vable（处置处置） Cash 现金 概念、特征、类型、使用范围 现金的管理与内部控制 现金及银行存款的核算 现金的报告（报表） 现金盘点与银行存款余额调节表 Receivables 应收款项 应收款项概念、分类 应收款项的确认与计量 应收款项的核算 应收账款计提坏账准备 应收款项的报告 Cash and Receivables Cash is the most liquid asset owned by a firm. As a result it is most susceptible to theft, and thus internal control over cash is im

4、portant.它是企业流动性最强的一 项资产。 Characteristics The standard medium of exchange （支付中介） Basis for measuring and accounting for all items（计量基 础） Current asset（流动资产） Cash Cash contents Cash in hand, cash in bank, other monetary funds Coin 硬币, currency Available funds on deposit at the bank(可动用的银 行存款) Negotiab

5、le instruments（可流通的票据） Money orders (汇票，邮政汇票)、 certified checks (承兑支票，保付支票)、 cashiers checks (银行本票)、 personal checks (个人支 票）、 bank drafts (银行汇票) 、Saving accounts（定期存款） Cash contents other monetary assets（我国的其他货币资金我国的其他货币资金） 外埠存款cash in other cities 银行本票 cashiers check 银行汇票 bank draft 信用卡 credit card

6、s 信用证保证金 L/C deposit 存出投资款 cash for investment How to manage and control cash? Internal control. as defined in accounting and auditing(审计), is a process for assuring achievement of an organizations objectives in operational effectiveness and efficiency（经营效率和效果）, reliable financial reporting, and com

7、pliance with laws, regulations and policies. A broad concept, internal control involves everything that controls risks to an organization. How to manage and control cash? It is a means by which an organizations resources are directed, monitored, and measured. It plays an important role in detecting

8、and preventing fraud（查错防弊）（查错防弊） and protecting the organizations resources, both physical（实物） (e.g., machinery and property) and intangible（无形） (e.g., reputation声誉 or intellectual property智力财产 such as trademarks商标 权). Internal controls 内部控制制度是企业重要的内部管理制度，是一个单位为 了保护其资产的安全完整，保证其经营活动符合国家法律、 法规和内部规章要求，

9、提高经营管理效率，防止舞弊，控 制风险等目的，而在单位内部采取的一系列相互联系、相 互制约的制度和方法。 COSO委员会【1992年美国国会的“反对虚假财务报告委员 会”（NCFR）下属的由AAA、AICPA、IIA、FEI和IMA等专 业团体组织参与的“发起组织委员会（COSO）”】，1992 年发布内部控制基本框架（简称COSO报告）。 财政部 证监会 审计署 银监会 保监会2008年印发企业 内部控制基本规范，2010年发布企业内部控制配套指 引，包括18项应用指引、1项评价指引和1项审计指引。 Internal controls COSO defines internal contro

10、l as having five components: Control Environment 控制环境 Risk Assessment 风险评估 Information and Communication 信息与沟通 Control Activities 控制活动 Monitoring 监控，监督 Internal controls for cash 货币资金的内部控制制度是企业最重要的内部控制制度。货币资金的内部控制制度是企业最重要的内部控制制度。 1.钱账分管制度。 企业应配备专职的出纳员，办理库存现金收付和结算业 务、登记库存现金和银行存款日记账、保管库存现金和 各种有价证券、保管好

11、有关印章、空白收据和空白支票; 出纳员不得兼管稽核、会计档案保管和收入、费用、债 权债务账目的登记工作。 2.现金开支审批制度。 (1)明确企业库存现金开支范围; (2)明确各种报销凭证，规定各种库存现金支付业务的 报销手续和办法; (3)确定各种现金支出的审批权限 Internal controls for cash 3.库存现金日清月结制度。 日清是指出纳员应对当日的库存现金收付业务全部登记库 存现金日记账，结出账面余额，并与库存现金核对相符; 月结是指出纳员必须对库存现金日记账按月结账;并定期 进行库存现金清查。 4.库存现金保管制度。 (1)超过库存限额以外的库存现金应在下班前送存银行

12、; (2)除工作时间需要的小量备用金可存在出纳员的抽屉内， 其余应放入保险柜内，不得随意存放; (3)限额内的库存现金当日核对清楚后，一律放入保险柜 内，不得放在办公桌内过夜; (4)单位的库存现金不准以个人名义存入银行; (5)库存的纸币和铸币，应实行分类保管。 Accounting for cash Cash in hand 现金的核算 现金增加：产品零售，取得现金收入200元 借：现金 234 （debt) 贷：主营业务收入 200 (credit) 应缴税费增值税（销项税额） 34 从银行取现从银行取现20002000元。元。 借：现金借：现金 20002000 贷：银行存款贷：银行存

13、款 20002000 Accounting for cash 现金减少 购买办公用品 230元。 借：管理费用 230 贷：现金 230 出差借款 900元 借：其他应收款 900 贷：现金 900 Accounting for cash 银行存款增加银行存款增加 投资者投入投资者投入2020万元，存入银行。万元，存入银行。 借：银行存款借：银行存款 200,000200,000 贷：实收资本贷：实收资本 200,000200,000 银行存款减少银行存款减少 缴纳税金缴纳税金50005000元元 借：应缴税费借：应缴税费 50005000 贷：银行存款贷：银行存款 50005000 购入材料

14、购入材料 1000010000元，税金元，税金17001700元，存款支付。元，存款支付。 借：原材料借：原材料 1000010000 应缴税费应缴税费增值税（进项税额）增值税（进项税额）17001700 贷：银行存款贷：银行存款 1170011700 Accounting for cash 其他货币资金增加：其他货币资金增加： 借：其他货币资金借：其他货币资金 贷：银行存款等贷：银行存款等 其他货币资金减少：其他货币资金减少： 借：原材料、应付账款等借：原材料、应付账款等 贷：其他货币资金贷：其他货币资金 Reporting Cash 资产负债表：货币资金（现金、银行存款、其他资产负债表：货

15、币资金（现金、银行存款、其他 货币资金）货币资金） 现金流量表：经营活动现金流量、投资活动现金现金流量表：经营活动现金流量、投资活动现金 流量、筹资活动现金流量（流入流量、筹资活动现金流量（流入- -流出）流出） Reporting Cash Reporting Reporting as“ cash and cash equivalents （现金和 现金等价物）”separately if it will be disbursed （支付） within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer. Reporting Cash

16、Cash equivalents Short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to cash（易于转换为现金）, and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk （风险较小）of changes in value. Example: Treasury bills (国库券), Commercial paper（商业票据）, and Money market funds（货币基金）. Cash counting 现金的

17、清查：通过“待处理财产损溢”账户核算。 1.审批前调账 盘盈：增加待处理溢余，调增账面记录 盘亏：增加待处理亏损，调减账面记录 2.审批后减少待处理 盘盈： 属于应付的，应增加一项负债(其他应付款); 属于无法查明原因的，应作为营业外收入。 盘亏： 属于应收，应增加一项债权(其他应收款); 属于定额内损耗和管理原因，应作为管理费用; 属于无法查明原因的，应作为管理费用。 Cash counting 库存现金清查中，发现实存数大于账面余额l00元。 借：库存现金 100 贷：待处理财产损溢 100 属于应支付给其他单位 借：待处理财产损溢 100 贷：其他应付款单位100 如果核查后原因不明，经

18、批准作为营业外收入： 借：待处理财产损溢 100 贷：营业外收入 100 Cash counting 库存现金清查中，发现现金短缺80元， 借：待处理财产损溢80 贷：库存现金80 如果属于出纳人员的责任，应由出纳人员赔偿： 借：其他应收款出纳员80 贷：待处理财产损溢80 当出纳人员交回赔款时： 借：库存现金80 贷：其他应收款出纳员80 如果属于无法查明原因的，应作为管理费用处理： 借：管理费用80 贷：待处理财产损溢80 Cash balance from bank statement $7,218 Cash balance from company records $6,925 Ban

19、k Reconciliation Bank Reconciliations Bank reconciliations（银行存款余额调节表） are prepared and reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that: Errors in the cash account are detected All cash transactions are recorded (e.g. adjustments such as bank service charges) Bank and book balances agree（银行账户余额与 实际保持一致） B

20、ank Reconciliations The reconciliation of bank and book balances is to corrected cash balance. The corrected cash balance is the amount that should be shown on the balance sheet at the reconciliation date. Bank Reconciliations Two accounts balance rarely agree at any one point in time due to Deposit

21、s in transit（在途资金） Outstanding cheque (未付支票，转账支票) Bank charges （银行手续费） Bank Credits (往来账户) Collections or deposits in the companys account that the company is not aware of until receipt of the bank statement. Bank or depositor errors The items in red will require adjustment (for errors only if the e

22、rror is the depositors error) Bank Reconciliations Bank reconciliation 银行对账单余额 $ 加: 企业已收银行未收 减: 企业已付银行未付 调节后的余额 $ 银行存款余额 $ 加: 银行已收企业未收 减: 银行已付企业未付 调节后余额 $ Bank Reconciliation - Example Bank Reconciliation - Solution Bank Reconciliation - Solution Bank Reconciliation - Solution Slide 6-32 Monthly adj

23、usting journal entries required: Receivables Written promises to pay a sum of money on a specified future date. Claims held against customers and others for money, goods, or services. Oral promises of the purchaser to pay for goods and services sold. Trade receivable Receivables Classification Trade

24、 Receivables 在商品销售环节发生的赊销款项在商品销售环节发生的赊销款项。 Accounts receivable应收账款, Notes receivable应收票 据、 Prepayments预付账款 Nontrade Receivables：Other receivables 其他应 收款 应收长期资产（投资）销售款应收长期资产（投资）销售款 预付给内部员工或分支公司的款项预付给内部员工或分支公司的款项 其他单位存入公司的保证金或押金其他单位存入公司的保证金或押金 应收的股利或利息应收的股利或利息 索取权索取权 Recognition of receivables 应收款项的确认

25、：应收款项泛指企业拥有的将来获取 现款、商品或劳动的权利。它是企业在日常生产经营 过程中发生的各种债权，是企业重要的流动资产。 应收账款的确认重要是解决何时确认应收账款。 应收账款是与商品的销售或劳务的提供直接相关的， 因此确认应收账款的时间通常应与确认收入的时间相 一致。 也就是说，在商品的所有权已经转给购货方，或劳务 已经提供、收入已经实现时，对未取的款项确认为应 收账款。 Measuring Receivables In most receivable transactions, the amount to be recognized is the exchange price betw

26、een two parties to a sales transaction. Exchange price ：the amount due from the debtor It is generally indicted on a business document (invoice) Considering two factors while measuring The available discounts Trade discounts（商业折扣） Cash or sale discounts（现金折扣） The length of time between the sale and

27、the payment due date (time value) Measuring Receivables Trade discounts（商业折扣） To quote different prices for different quantities purchased. For Increase sales（增加销售） Treatment Reductions from the list price （在会计处理中直接从总价中扣减） Customers are billed net of discounts 10 % Discount for new Retail Store Cust

28、omers Cash (sales) discounts （现金折扣） Inducements for prompt payment (敦促购货方早付款 而给予的折扣) Increase likelihood of collection （增加账款回收的可能性） Method of recording Gross Method（总价法） Net Method （净价法） Payment terms are 2/10, n/30 Measuring Receivables Cash Discounts Gross method Records sale at the full amount; a

29、ssumes no discount will be taken until it actually is. Accounts Receivable 1,000 Sales1,000 Assume paid within 10 days: Cash (98%$1,000) 980 Sales discounts 20 Accounts Receivable 1,000 Sales 5,000 Accounts receivable 5,000June 3 Cash ($5,000 x 98%)4,900 Sales discounts 100 Accounts receivable 5,000

30、 June 12 Gross Method Cash Discounts Gross method Sales discount net method Record net of the possible discount; assumes customer will take advantage of the discount Accounts Receivable980 Sales 980 Assume not paid within 10 days: Cash 1,000 Sales discounts forfeited 20 Accounts Receivable980 Sales

31、4,900 Accounts receivable 4,900June 3 Accounts receivable 4,900 Cash 5,000June 29 Sales discounts forfeited 100 Net Method Cash Discounts Net method Sales 4,900 Accounts receivable 4,900June 3 Accounts receivable 4,900 Cash 4,900June 12 Net Method Cash Discounts Net method Estimated Bad Debts Method

32、 Bad debts can be estimated based on sales or on accounts receivable. Uncollectible Accounts Receivable Allowance Method Losses are Estimated: Percentage-of- sales Percentage-of- receivables Methods of Accounting for Uncollectible Accounts Theoretically undesirable: no matching receivable not stated

33、 at net realizable value 直接转销法 在坏账发生时直接冲减应收账款的账面余额。 Although generally not in accordance with GAAP, companies in their first year of operations who have no basis for estimating uncollectible accounts, and for whom uncollectible accounts are immaterial, may write off bad debts directly, as follows: D

34、r Bad debt expenseXX Cr Accounts Receivable XX Direct write-off method 备抵法 利润表法销售百分比法 Bad debt expense estimate is related to a nominal account (Credit Sales), any balance in the allowance account is ignored. Therefore, the method achieves a proper matching of cost and revenues. 资产负债表法应收账款百分比法 Estim

35、ating of expected uncollectible accounts based upon outstanding receivables. Results in a more accurate valuation of receivables on the balance sheet. Method may also be applied using an aging schedule(账龄分析法) Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Income Statement Approach Balance Sheet Approach Matching S

36、ales - Bad Debt Expense Net Realizable Value Receivables - Allowance for Bad Debt Allowance for Doubtful Accounts “坏账准备- AFDA” We provide for potentially uncollectible accounts through the allowance for doubtful accounts, which is a contra account to Accounts Receivable. We do not Credit accounts re

37、ceivable directly because at the time we estimate bad debt expense we do not necessarily know which specific customer accounts will prove to be uncollectible. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Credit sales $500,000 Estimated % of credit sales not collected 1.25% Accounts receivable balance $72,500 Est

38、imated % of A/R not collected 8% Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Case 1$150 (credit balance) Case 2$150 (debit balance) Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Charge sales$500,000 Estimated percentagex 1.25% Estimated expense$ 6,250 = = What should the ending balance be for the allowance account? - Case 1

39、 and Case 2 Percentage of Sales Method Percentage of Sales Actual balance (credit) (150)150 Adjustment(6,250)(6,250) Ending balance(6,400)(6,100) Journal entry: Allowance for doubtful accounts 6,250 Bad debt expense 6,250 Case 1Case 2 Accounts receivable$ 72,500 Estimated percentagex 8% Desired bala

40、nce$ 5,800 = = What should the ending balance be for the allowance account? - Case 1 and Case 2 Percentage of Receivables Actual balance (credit)(150)150 Adjustment (5,650)(5,950) Desired balance(5,800)(5,800) Journal entry Case 1: Allowance for doubtful accounts 5,650 Bad debt expense 5,650 Case 1C

41、ase 2 Percentage of Receivables Actual balance (credit)(150)150 Adjustment (5,650)(5,950) Desired balance(5,800)(5,800) Case 1Case 2 Percentage of Receivables Journal entry Case 2: Allowance for doubtful accounts 5,950 Bad debt expense 5,950 Percentage of Receivables -Aging schedule Assets Current A

42、ssets: Cash $ 346 Accounts receivable 500 Less allowance for doubtful accounts 25 475 Inventory 812 Prepaids _ 40 Total current assets 1,673 Fixed Assets: Office equipment 5,679 Furniture & fixtures 6,600 Less: Accumulated depreciation (3,735) Total fixed assets 8,544 Total Assets $10,217 Assets Cur

43、rent Assets: Cash $ 346 Accounts receivable, net of $25 allowance for doubtful accounts 475 Inventory 812 Prepaids _ 40 Total current assets 1,673 Fixed Assets: Office equipment 5,679 Furniture & fixtures 6,600 Less: Accumulated depreciation (3,735) Total fixed assets 8,544 Total Assets $10,217 Writ

44、e-offs and Recoveries At some point, we become certain that individual accounts will never be paid. At this point, we write off these accounts To write of a $500 account: Dr Allowance for doubtful accounts 500 Cr Accounts Receivable (specific customer) 500 Write-offs and Recoveries Occasionally, acc

45、ounts that had been written off are subsequently collected. We then reverse the write-off and record the collection. Comprehensive Example Balance Sheet Approach Comprehensive Example Balance Sheet Approach We now need to adjust by the amount that produces the required ending balance of $42,000: Bad

46、 debt expense30,000 AFDA 30,000 Comprehensive Example Balance Sheet Approach A note receivable is an unconditional written agreement to collect a certain sum of money on a specific date. Notes Receivable Notes Receivable Notes Receivable Supported by a formal promissory note, which is a written prom

47、ise to pay a specific sum of money at a specific future date. Characteristics A negotiable instrument（可转让票据） Maker signs in favor of a Payee Always contain an interest element Interest-bearing (has a stated rate of interest) OR Noninterest-bearing (interest included in face amount) Notes Receivable Generally originate from Lending transactions (the majority of notes) Cust