大学语法-ed分词

1、-ED分词分词 本书所讲的本书所讲的-ed分词（分词（-ed participle）即传）即传 统语法所指的统语法所指的“过去分词过去分词”（past participle）。本讲主要介绍）。本讲主要介绍-ed分词在名分词在名 词词组中作前置修饰语（词词组中作前置修饰语（premodifier）以）以 及在句中作主语补语（及在句中作主语补语（subject complement）和宾语补语（）和宾语补语（object complement ） 1.来自及物动词的来自及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语分词作前置修饰语 来自及物动词的来自及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语通常分词作前置修饰语通常 带有

2、被动意义和完成一一；而能作上述用带有被动意义和完成一一；而能作上述用 法的法的-ing分词有的来自及物动词，有的来自分词有的来自及物动词，有的来自 不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成 意义。试比较：意义。试比较： Frozen food a freezing wind A bored traveller a boring journey A lost cause a losing battle -ed分词作前置修饰语分词作前置修饰语 有些有些-ed分词通常不能单独用作前置修饰语，但若加分词通常不能单独用作前置修饰语，但若加 前缀前缀un-或者为副词所修饰而

3、构成或者为副词所修饰而构成“副词副词+-ed分词分词” 的复合形容词以后，便可作前置修饰语。例如：的复合形容词以后，便可作前置修饰语。例如： Uninvited guests badly-built house Untold sufferings far-fetched reasons Unheard-of stories newly-born children 2.来自不及物动词的来自不及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语分词作前置修饰语 来自不及物动词的-ed分词很少能单独用作前置修 饰语，能作这种用法的仅限于下面几个词，这些 前置修饰语仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义。 例如： A retir

4、ed worker=a worker who has retired An escaped prisoner=a prisoner who has escaped A faded/withered flower=a flower that has faded/withered Fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen An expired lease= a lease that has expired The risen sun=the sun that has just risen A returned student=a student who has r

5、eturned（from abroad） The vanished treasure=the treasure that has vanished A grown man=a person who has grown to a mans size 某些来自不及物动词的某些来自不及物动词的-ed分词，单独一个词不可以分词，单独一个词不可以 作前置修饰语（如不可以说作前置修饰语（如不可以说“a behaved boy”，a travelled businessman），但若与某些副词构成），但若与某些副词构成 复合形容词，便可作前置修饰语。例如复合形容词，便可作前置修饰语。例如“ Well-beh

6、aved children=children who behave well A widely-travelled businessman=one who has travelled widely Newly-arrived visitors= visitors who have newly arrived -ed分词作补语分词作补语 能用作补语的-ed分词也大都来自及物动词。 凡是已经形容词化了的-ed分词，大都可以 既作名词修饰语又作主语补语或宾语补语。 例如： The door remains locked The man looked disappointed I found the

7、door locked （）能带（）能带-ed分词作宾语补语的动词分类分词作宾语补语的动词分类 可以带-ed分词作宾补的动词有以下三类。 第一类包括see，hear，feel，find，think等 表示感觉和心理状态的动词： I saw the students assembled in the hall. He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light Everybody thought the battle lost 第二类包括make，get，have，keep等表 示“致使”意义的动词： I have my hair cut every te

8、n days He was trying to make himself understood Please keep us informed of the latest developments 注意：在”have+宾语+-ed分词“这一结构 中，have有三种不同意义。比较： We had the problem solved（表示”致使 “，一种有意的行为） She had her arm broken in an accident （表示”遭受“，一种非有意的行为） I have not any money left。（表示”有“） 第三类包括第三类包括like，want，wish，o

9、rder等表示希望，等表示希望， 要求，命令等意义的动词：要求，命令等意义的动词： I dont want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal He wont like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting The commander ordered the army unit (to be) reorganized. -ed 分词分句分词分句 以-ed分词作谓语动词的分句结构叫做-ed分 词分句 -ed 分词分句的句法功能分词分句的句法功能 关于-ed分词作名词的前置修饰语以及-ed分

10、词结 构作补语的用法已在第22讲介绍过。本节阐述-ed 分词分句作名词的后置修饰语以及在句中作状语 的用法。 A）-ed分词分句作后置修饰语通常相当于一个缩 略的关系分句。例如： The man，soaked with sweat from an all-night march，immediately went into action。 One of the houses wrecked by the storm belonged to my grandfather。 B）-ed分词分句作状语可表示多种意义，比如作 时间状语： Heated，the metal expands。 Once ap

11、pointed supreme commander，he took the stern measures expected of him。 作原因状语： Deeply moved，he thanked her again and again。 Absorbed in his work，Jim neglected food and sleep。 作条件状语： United，we stand；divided，we fall。 Seen in this light，the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose。 作让步状语： Lef

12、t to his own devices，Charles did not relax his efforts Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance. 表示伴随状况： I made a leisurely round of the town，fascinated by the construction going on everywhere。 He went to Beijing that winter，disguised as a merchan

13、t。 -ed 分词分句的结构模式分词分句的结构模式 -ed分词分句也分为不带主语和从属连词的、带从 属连词的和带主语的三种。 A）不带主语和从属连词的-ed分词分句 -ed分词分句可以既不带主语也不带从属连词。所 谓不带主语，是指-ed分词分句的逻辑主语通常可 以由特定的上下文判定。例如： Covered with confusion，she hurriedly left the room The castle，burn down in 1485，was never rebuilt。 Not a single case of T.B. was found in the x-rays studi

14、ed（=that had beenstudied） 第一第二例中的-ed分词分句的逻辑主语是主句 的主语，第三例的逻辑主语是介词补足成分the x-rays B）带从属连词的-ed分词分句 这里所说的从属连词可以是when， though/although，as if/as though，if，even if， once，unless，until等。例如： This dictionary will look nice when printed Though surrounded，the guerillas were not discouraged He threw himself from h

15、is horse and lay still as if shot 上述带从属连词的-ed分词分句也可以看作是一种省 略从属分句，省略的部分总是”主语+be的一定形 式“，省略的主语即分句逻辑主语。 一、现在分词和过去分词的区别一、现在分词和过去分词的区别 现在分词和过去分词的区别主要体现在语态和时 间概念上。总体而言，现在分词表示主动和进行， 过去分词表示被动和完成。例如： He cut himself while shaving.他刮胡子的时候刮 伤了脸（相对于主语而言，现在分词表示主动） Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even

16、more beautiful。从山顶看下去，这个公园更 加漂亮（相对于主语而言，过去分词表示被动） We have to be more flexible when facing the challenges from the changing world.当面对来自 变化的世界的挑战时，我们需要更灵活。（facing 表示主动，changing表示进行） Sometimes it is difficult for people in the developed countries to understand things happening in the developing countri

17、es。 有时候，发达国家的人们难以理解在发展 中国家发生的事情。 （developed表示完成，happening表示进 行，developing表示进行） 1.This missile is designed so that once _ nothing can be done to retrieve it A. fired B. being fired C. they fired D. having fired 1【A】句意：这个导弹是设计成一旦发射 出去，就无法截回。该句中过去分词fired作 时间状语，相当于once it is fired 2.He wasnt asked to ta

18、ke on the chairmanship of the society，_insufficiently popular with all members。 A. having considered B. was considered C. was being considered D .being considered 【D】句意：考虑到他在协会所有成员中不 够知名，他没有被要求做协会的主席。该 句中being considered 作原因状语，由于主 语he 和consider的关系是被动关系，所以 用了现在分词的被动式。 3._enough time and money，the res

19、earcher would have been able to discover more in this field。 A. Giving B. To give C. Given D. Being given 【C】句意：假如给予更多的时间和金钱， 这位研究者本可以在这个领域里有更多发 现。该句中过去分词given引导条件状语从 句，相当于if the researcher had been given more time and money. 4._at in this way，the present economic situation doesnt seem so gloomy。 A.

20、 Looking B. Looked C. Having looked D. To look 【B】句意：假如从这个角度看，现在的经 济形势并没有看上去那么糟糕。该句中过 去分词looked引导条件状语，相当于if it is looked in this way.主语the present economic situation和look为被动关系，所 以要用过去分词。 5._at in this way，the situation does not seem so desperate。 A. Looking B. Looked C. Being looked D. To look 【B】假如

21、从这个角度看，状况并没有看上 去那么绝望。参见上局。这是同一个考点 两次出现在专四语法题中，为现在分词作 条件状语，需要特别注意。 6.If not_ with the respect he feels due to him， Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time A. being treated B. treated C. be treated D. having been treated 【B】句意：如果没有受到他认为应有的尊 重，杰克就会变得脾气暴躁，不停地抱怨。 该句的考点仍然是过去分词作条件状语， treat和主句

22、的主语Jack的关系为被动，所 以要用过去分词。 7.The film was so exciting that the children all kept their eyes _on the screen. A. fix B. to fix C. fixed D. fixing 【C】句意：电影如此令人兴奋以至于孩子们把 眼睛都盯在屏幕上。句子中keep their eyes fixed on the screen. 的意思是“眼睛紧盯着屏幕”。过去分词fixed作 宾补。因为their eyes和fix之间为被动关系，所以 用过去分词。 8.After a whole days hard

23、 work, Tom went home, _ A. hunger and feel exhausted B. hungry and exhausted C. being hungry and exhausting D. hungry and felt exhausted 【B】句意：在一整天的辛苦工作后，Tom回到 家，又累又饿。句子中hungry and exhausted做 伴随状语，其中，hungry是形容词，exhausted是 过去分词作形容词用，意为“又累又饿” 9.She was glad to see her child well_. A. take care of B. taking care of C. taken care