英语考试英美文化基础部分

1、Early settlement 3,000 BC Iberians (伊比 利亚人) from the Mediterranean lands came. Sailed right up t o t h e w e s t c o a s t a n d a r o u n d S c o t l a n d to Scandinavia. (some settled) Early settlement 750 BC Gaels came (Scotland) Gaul came 500 BC 100 BC B r i t o n s came (Welsh) They all belong

2、ed to Celtic tribes. The Britons were quite numerous. They developed knowledge of agriculture, began to trade with the continent, had their own civilization. Their society was kind of primitive communism. Roman Occupation 55 they were too few in number to change the language and customs of the peopl

3、e. True slave society was introduce into England. R e a l R o m a n Conquest. British d e f e a t e d , a Roman province in name Lowland Britons(settled agriculture life) accepted and appreciated the Roman way of life. Picts in Pennines (奔宁山脉) and Scots in highlands(nomadic life) revolted against Ro

4、mans. Resistance in Wales were stamped out. Hadrians Wall(哈德良长城) The downfall of Roman empire in Britain, a leaderless and defenseless land, northern tribes began to come in Veni, vidi, vici. Anglo-Saxon Times (410-871) 450 690 829 AD Three Germanic tribes(Angles, Saxons, Jutes) were invited to defe

5、nd England from attacks of Picts and Scots. They are farmers and fishermen, soldiers and sailors, combining all the qualities to develop and defend a land. They speak Old English (Anglo-Saxon). They defeated the Celts (King Arthur), who escaped to mountainous Wales and Scotland and even across to Ir

6、eland. Later on their distinctions vanished and they regarded themselves “the nation of English”, but they lacked unity, and England was divided into 7 kingdoms, known as heptarchy (七国鼎立) Egbert, king of Wessex, united England, titled him “King of the English”. Peace were established by marriage all

7、iances. In 886, Alfred, King of Wessex became lord of all the English. Danish Vikings invaded at the turn of the 8th century. Christianity was introduced in late 6th century Viking Invasion and Danish Rule King Alfred Peace treaty 1013, attacked south Guthrum, Danish king Ruling south England Ruling

8、 north England King EthelredKing Sweyen Master of England Fled to Normandy death Welcomed back as lawful king Edmund Canute Peace treaty Mysterious and sudden death Ruler of England Harold I Hardecanute (childless) Edward, the Confessor, became King of England in 1042 103, capable Harold II, earl of

9、 Wessex, January,1066 Irritated somebody Norman Conquest 1066 Sept, William landed on Sussex coast; Oct. battle of Hastings Christmas, William the Conqueror, was crowned. Feudalism and a strong monarchy were established. 1. William II succeeded, but was shot dead accidentally in hunting in 1100. 2.

10、Henry I rushed back and became the King. (one of the most powerful: united Normandy and England) 3. Henry II established the House of Plantagenet/Angevin(金雀花王朝) 4. Richard (lions heart): the 3rd Crusade 5. John (lackland): Great Charter in 1215.Edward I (longshanks) Hundred Years War (1337-1453) 1.

11、The decline of feudalism 2. Black Death (1/3 population dead in Europe) 3. Wat Tylers Rising in 1381 4. Joan of Arc 5. 1455-1467, War of Roses between Lancaster(red) and York(white) The Middle Ages: 4th Catherine(皇 后，无子,女儿Mary)离婚,遭拒break away from Roman church, Church of England (形式与教义没有改变，只是换了head)

12、/Edward VI继续Bloody MaryElizabeth, Anglican Church(圣公教)- capitalismremnants of feudalism 2.Elizabethan age: a. literature; b. adventure on the seaSpanish Armada(1588). 3.English Renaissance: rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture; criticism of inhuman medieval ages. Cultural movement effectin

13、g politics. “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giantsgiants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning”(是一次人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的变 革，是一个需要巨人而且产生巨人在思维能力、热情和性格方 面，在多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人的时代.)Engels 17th C

14、entury: Bourgeois Revolution 1.James Stuarts: King of Scotland(VI) and England(I) in 1603.Divine Right of Kings Charles I: persecuting Puritansleave for Holland or America 2.Civil War: Cavaliers vs. Roundheads /Cromwells New Model Army/1646 ended/ Jan 1649, beheaded 3.The Commonwealth(共和政府), the pro

15、tector：Diggers/invaded Ireland “The English Revolution shipwrecked on Ireland”Marx /1653, parliament dissolved, Commonwealthmillitary dictatorship 4.Restoration and Glorious Revolution: 1660, Charles II. France (Louis XIV). James II(brother of Charles II, Catholic) succeeded, but opposed by Whig and

16、 Tory. 1688, Coup detat, William(III) and Mary(II) were welcomed back for a joint ruling.The Glorious Revolution. protestant only, no catholicthe House of Hanover (last step of Revolution, constitutional monarchy established)(conclusion of medieval feudalism, beginning of modern periodcapitalism) 18

17、th Century: Industrial Revolution 1.Biggest enemy: France. Battle of Waterloo, defeated Napoleon. 2.Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 3.French Revolution, 1789 4.An age of poems: Romanticism 19th Century: Victorianism In the nineteenth century, Britain was the super power in the world, the E

18、mpire on which the sun never sets. Social progress Great social progresses were made in the 19th century, such as the anti- slavery movement, the modern police force, the famous Reform Bill which extended the franchise, etc. But the greatest progress was made in the field of communications, marked b

19、y the invention of steam locomotive, telegraphy, electric telephone, electric lighting, electric trams, etc. Victorian era (1837-1901) an age of national development; family life had a similar stability, where the father had the absolute power, the wife was completely submissive and the children wer

20、e strictly disciplined; Victorians were extremely religious. Every family had its Bible and went to church on Sundays; an age of imperialism; an age of novels (Thackeray he invaded countries simply to kill the Jews living there. NAZIs elected to power! Nazis promised to build up their army and get r

21、evenge for the WWI This is Adolf Hitler 1933. Totalitarianism Mussolini (Italy)Hitler (Germany) Germany late 1930s Germany escaped the Depression by militarizing. This is Berlin 1936 Appeasement Hitler wanted land, Britain and France let him have it without war Once again the Germans invaded France,

22、 and this time within a few weeks France was conquered. Then Hitler planned to invade Britain. He sent his bombers day after day to bomb airfields and towns in the south, and then night after night, to bomb London. This was the blitz of 1940, when sirens wailed every night, and every night hundreds

23、of people lost their lives or their homes. But the British fighter planes fought back heroically: the Battle of Britain was won and the planned invasion abandoned. Invasion of Normandy, France Battle of Britain Battle of Britain Tank! Anti-tank weaponry English Channel protected England Britain resi

24、sted German air force Germanys end Germany invaded the Soviet Union and lost a million troops due to the cold and Russian bravery. Germany spent too many resources trying to kill Jews and not supporting his troops Germans fought Russians in the east and Americans and Brits in the West. Germany surre

25、nders April 45 Allied Powers The Allies were the USA, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union (USSR). These are called the “big three.” In addition,the colonies and territories of these countries. These include China, Canada, Australia, France, Poland and others. USAs contribution was production, not bl

26、ood. Rosie the Riveter The Army was segregated, but African Americans served. Women in the Forces Women in Forces How did USA pay for this war? Women in workforce Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. America enters WWII. December 7, 1941 This plane dropped an atom bomb on Hiroshima Atomic bomb Hiroshima and

27、Nagasaki 1945 Japan surrenders 1945 World War II deaths USSR22 million China11 million Germany7 million Poland7 million U.S.0.5 million Great Britain 0.3 million Japan1.5 million Britain since WWII India and Pakistan became free, followed later by most of the colonies of the old British Empire. The

28、world became into three: the West (including the U. S. A. and Britain), the Communist powers (1ed by Russia and China) and the Third World (i.e. the developing nations of Africa, Asia, and South America). Everyone distrusted everyone else. Britain since WWII Con New discoveries and new techniques ha

29、ve multiplied. Since the last years of Queen Victoria we have had the motor-car, the wireless, the aeroplane, nuclear power, space rockets, and men on the moon. Entertainment has been made available to everybody by the gramophone, the cinema, radio and television. Social discontent seems to have bee

30、n abolished by the Welfare State. since WWII, the state has assumed full financial responsibility for sickness, unemployment and education. Yet industrial strikes still occur, crimes with violence are common. Environmental problems are becoming more serious. The end Norman Conquest 1066 Sept, Willia

31、m landed on Sussex coast; Oct. battle of Hastings Christmas, William the Conqueror, was crowned. Feudalism and a strong monarchy were established. 1. William II succeeded, but was shot dead accidentally in hunting in 1100. 2. Henry I rushed back and became the King. (one of the most powerful: united

32、 Normandy and England) 3. Henry II established the House of Plantagenet/Angevin(金雀花王朝) 4. Richard (lions heart): the 3rd Crusade 5. John (lackland): Great Charter in 1215.Edward I (longshanks) Hundred Years War (1337-1453) 1. The decline of feudalism 2. Black Death (1/3 population dead in Europe) 3.

33、 Wat Tylers Rising in 1381 4. Joan of Arc 5. 1455-1467, War of Roses between Lancaster(red) and York(white) The Middle Ages: 4th & 5th -15th century. Modern times: 17th English bourgeois revolution 16th : key transitional period 17th Century: Bourgeois Revolution 1.James Stuarts: King of Scotland(VI) and England(I) in 1603.Divine Right of Kings Charles I: persec