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1、常微分方程第一次作业解析1指出下列方程的阶数,是否是线性方程:(1) (2) (3)解:(1)1阶,是; (2)4阶,是; (3)3阶,不是。2用分离变量法求解下列方:(1) (2) (3) (4) 解:(1)通积分为:(2)当时分离变量,两端取积分得即 通积分为 另外,是常数解,注:在方程求解时,求出显式通解或隐式通解(通积分)即可,常数解可以不求。(3)方法一:当时,方程变为,积分得在通解中代入初值,有 . 所求特解为: 。 方法二:所求特解为,即 ,所求特解为: 。(4) 当时, 方程可变为通积分为 或 ,上式代入初值条件,得。 于是初值问题解为: 。3解下列齐次线性微分方程(1) (2
2、)(3) (4) 解:(1)显然是方程的解。当时,原方程可化为 。令, 则原方程可化为 ,即易于看出,是上面方程的解,从而,是原方程的解。当时,分离变量得,. 两端积分得:(c)。将换成,便得到原方程的解 ,(c)。故原方程的通解为(为任意常数)及 。(2) 显然是方程的解。当时,原方程可化为:。 令,则原方程可化为 ,即 易于看出,是上式的解,从而是原方程的解. 当时,分离变量得 . 两端积分得 (c). 将换成,便得到原方程的解 (c). 故原方程的通解为 . (3)显然是方程的解. 当时,原方程可化为令,则原方程可化为 ,即分离变量得,.两端积分得 .将换成,便得到原方程的解 (c).
3、(4)将方程变形为: . 因为 ,方程组 有解 ,令 . 代入原方程,得到新方程令,代入上式,又得到新方程 或当时,有积分得原方程通积分为另外,由解得也是原方程解。4解下列一阶线性微分方程:(1) (2)解:(1)先解齐次方程 。其通解为 . 用常数变易法,令非齐次方程通解为 . 代入原方程,化简后可得 . 积分得到 . 代回后即得原方程通解为 . (2)先解齐次方程 . 其通解为 . 用常数变易法,令非齐次方程通解为 . 代入原方程,化简后可得 . 积分得到 . 代回后即得原方程通解为 . 5解下列伯努利方程(1) (2) 解:(1)显然是方程解. 当时,两端同除,得.令,代入有 ,它的解为
4、 。于是原方程的解为 ,及。(4)显然是方程解。 当时,两端同除,得 . 令,代入有 它的解为 于是原方程的解 及 。6设函数,在上连续,且, (a, b为常数)求证:方程 的一切解在上有界 证:设y = y(x) 是方程任一解,且满足y(x0)=y0,则由于,所以对任意0,存在x0,使得x时有令,则于是得到 又在x0,x1上y(x)有界设为m2,现取则 。7解下列全微分方程:(1) (2) 解:(1) 因为 ,所以这方程是全微分方程,且及在整个平面都连续可微。不妨选取,故方程的通积分为 , 即 . (2)因为 ,所以这方程是全微分方程,且及在整个平面都连续可微。不妨选取,故方程的通积分为 ,
5、 即 . 8求下列方程的积分因子和积分:(1) (2)解:因为 ,与y无关,故原方程存在只含x的积分因子. 由公式(1.58)得积分因子即于是方程为全微分方程。取.于是方程的通积分为. 即 . (2)因为 ,与y无关,故原方程存在只含x的积分因子。由公式(1.58)得积分因子即于是方程为全微分方程. 取,. 于是方程的通积分为. 即. 9求解下列一阶隐式微分方程(1) (2)解:(1)将方程改写为即 ,或解方程 ,得通积分为,又是常数解.(2) 显然是方程的解. 当时,方程可变为令, 则上面的式子可变为.解出u得,. 即 . 对上式两端积分得到方程的通解为. 10求解下列方程(1) (2) (
6、3) (4) 解:(1)令 ,则. 代入原式得.解出得.这是克莱洛方程,通解为.即.解之得(为任意常数). (2)令 ,则, 原方程化为再令,则 即 从而 即 积分得通积分: . (3)化简得 即 求积分得: , 或 . (4)方程两边同乘以非零的数, 化简得.即 积分得再积分得11求曲线族的正交轨线,其中为参数 解:由 解该曲线所满足的微分方程是:。于是正交轨线满足的方程是: 即 积分得 为所求正交轨线: 。12人工繁殖细菌,其增长速度和当时的细菌数成正比(1)如果过4小时的细菌数即为原细菌数的2倍,那么经过12小时应有多少?(2)如果在3小时的时候,有细菌数个,在5小时的时候有个,那么在开
7、始时有多少细菌?解:设时刻细菌数为,再设初值时刻时,细菌数为,则细菌繁殖满足下列初值问题其中为正常数,初值问题为(1)由题意有即12小时后,细菌数为原来的8倍。(2)由题意有解得。13重为100kg的物体,在与水平面成30的斜面上由静止状态下滑,如果不计磨擦,试求:(1)物体运动的微分方程;(2)求5 s后物体下滑的距离,以及此时的速度和加速度解:取初始下滑点为原点,轴正向垂直向下,设时刻速度为 ,距离为,由题意满足初值问题 解得 再由 ,,解得 。于是得到5秒后,。if we dont do that it will go on and go on. we have to stop it;
8、we need the courage to do it.his comments came hours after fifa vice-president jeffrey webb - also in london for the fas celebrations - said he wanted to meet ivory coast international toure to discuss his complaint.cska general director roman babaev says the matter has been exaggerated by the ivori
9、an and the british media.blatter, 77, said: it has been decided by the fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. you can always find money from somebody to pay them.it is a nonsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of footba
10、ll and against the visiting team. it is all nonsense.we can do something better to fight racism and discrimination.this is one of the villains we have today in our game. but it is only with harsh sanctions that racism and discrimination can be washed out of football.the (lack of) air up there watch
11、mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport
12、.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an
13、immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early a
14、s sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the tropos
15、phere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropo
16、pause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.below, the earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, bu
17、t not too hard. still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. it will be like he is diving into the shallow end.skydiver preps for the big jumpwhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less t
18、han 40 seconds. like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to earth. but this will not be enough to stop him completely.if he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. his team hopes its not needed. instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).in order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). he will have a reserve p
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