乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照

1、外文文献RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTIONRural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacularnatural attractions, without seaside, high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However, its attr

2、active cultural landscapeswith small villages, thermal springs, rivers and lakes, combined with the traditional hospitality, are able to offer pleasantexperiencesto the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation andrecreationin a calm setting.On one hand, rural tourism development can play an imp

3、ortant role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand, rural tourism is not only the end, but the meansto stimulate economic growth, to increase the viability of underdevelopedregions, andto improve the

4、 living standardsof local populations.If rural tourism is to fulfil all theseroles, it has to be developed in a way that ensuresthe long-term sustainability of the resourcesand that of the development progress itself. But what is a sustainable way of development in rural tourism ? How can sustainabi

5、lity be monitored and promoted in rural destinations ? This paper attempts to answer these questions by presenting the current situation of Hungarian rural tourism through indicators that are considered to be relevant for this type of tourism.SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENTThe concept of sustainable

6、 development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987, defining sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs.Tourism is one of the

7、 foremost economic activities around the world, having transportedmore than 617 million people internationally and generated448 billion USD in receipts in 1997 (WTO, 1998). It is a major economic force, having generated in 1996 an estimated 3,153.3 billion USD in gross output, creating employment fo

8、r app. 255 million people, producing app. 10.7 per cent of world gross domestic product, investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities and equipment annually, and contributing more than app. 653.3 billion USD to global tax revenue(WTTC, 1996).The volume and significance of tourism clearly shows t

9、hat it is not enough to develop new forms of alternative tourism in order to minimise the negative and maximise the positive impacts of tourism development.The whole sector must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and sociocultural environment and this is the respon

10、sibility of the world-wide tourism industry.Though the Brundtland report madeno special referenceto tourism, since its publication, the role of tourism in the processof continuously misusing the Earths resources hasbeen analysedand the conceptof sustainable tourismappeared.Sustainable tourism has se

11、veral - often seriously debated - definitions. According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks, sustainabletourism is all forms of tourism development,managementand activity that maintain the environmental, social and economic integrity and well-being of natural, built and

12、 cultural resourcesin perpetuity (FNNP, 1993). A publication by the Tourism Concern and the World Wide Fund for Nature defines sustainable tourism as tourism which operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources;recognisesthe contribution that peo

13、ple and communities, customs and lifestyles, make to the tourism experience; accepts that these people must have anequitable share in the economic benefits of tourism; and is guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992).Though the existing defi

14、nitions usually differ in their focus or level of elaborateness,the main messageof the Brundtland Report seems to be more and more acceptedby the tourism industry all over the world. However, the notion of sustainability is a very complex one and it has many ramifications (Mowforth & Munt, 1998).Eco

15、logical sustainability, which means that tourism development does not cause irreversible changes in a given destinations ecosystem, is the most commonly accepteddimension, since there is an obvious need all over theworld to protect natural resources from the negative impacts of tourism activities. T

16、he general growth of environment-awareness has significantly contributed to this trend. Social sustainability refers to the ability of a community to absorb tourism (both the industry and the tourists themselves) without the creation of social disharmony. Cultural sustainability in the context of to

17、urism assumesthat a given community is able to retain or adapt their own distinctive cultural traits againstthe pressure of both the so-called tourist culture and the residual culture of the visitors (Jafari, 1987). Economic sustainability refers to a level of economic gain from tourism that is suff

18、icient to provide an appropriate income for the local community (compared to the inconvenience causedby the activities of the tourism sector) and to cover all the costs of anyspecial measuretaken to satisfy the tourists (thus a precondition of economic sustainability is the attractivenessof an area

19、and the perceived high quality of its tourist supply: without being in a competitive position in the world market, no destination can beeconomically sustainable).The different aspectsof sustainability do not compete, but must be seen as equally important. High level of economic profitability must no

20、t be consideredas a tool to cover over the damagedone to social or natural resources,but the relative fragile nature of these latter must not create a planning environment where economic considerations are not being taken (properly). Sustainable tourism developmenthas to beeconomically viable and na

21、turally and culturally sensitive at the sametime.As we could see, inappropriate tourism development results in increasing stress on destinations and consequently in negative changes in the destinations physical, economic and social-cultural characteristics. In order to avoid or minimise unfavourable

22、 impacts, decision-makers must be aware of all the factors that play a role in the development process. In the measurementof the progress that an individual destination is making towards sustainabletourism development, sustainability indicators arecommonly acceptedas one setof useful tools.INDICATOR

23、S OF SUSTAINABILITYIndicators measure information with which decision-makersmay reducethe chancesof unknowingly taking poor decisions (WTO, 1996). In other words, indicators are a set of useful measuresof those factors that are important to the decision-makers (the relative significanee of these fac

24、tors depend on their releva nee to the developme nt objectives of a give n dest in ati on, and on their importance to tourists).Indicators are both a tool for managementtoday and an investment in the future, since they reduce the risk of inadvertent damage to the resource base)n which the tourist in

25、dustry depends (WTO, 1996).Based on different guidelines and recommendations (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992; McCool & Watson, 1994; Murphy, 1994; Howie, 1996; Swarbrooke, 1996; WTO, 1996; Mowforth & Munt, 1998), the indicators suggestedfor the purposeof this study arethefollowing (Table 1):Table 1 - I

26、 ndicators of Sustai nability in Rural TourismIn dicatorMeasure1. Stress-Number of visitors/tourists (per annum /seas on)2. Social stress-Ratio of visitor/tourist numbers to local population (pera nnum /seas on)3. Attractive ness-List of naturaland cultural resources-Rate of attractivenessof natural

27、 and cultural resources4.Pla nning process-Existence of local/regional plan for development5.Tourism pla nning process-Existence of local/regional plan for tourism development6. Area protecti on-Category of protecti on-Percentageof protected areacomparedto the whole territory of the destination7.Loc

28、al invo Iveme nt-Ratio of the nu mber of locally owned tourist bus in essesto the total nu mber of tourist bus in esses8. Local con trol-Existence of formal measures(public hearing, community meeting, local referendum) to ensure local control over evelopme ntpla nning an dimpleme ntatio n9. Employme

29、 nt-Number of jobs created i n tourism (full-time equivale nt)-Ratio of local employee number to the number of guest workers10.Tourismcon tributi on to thelocal economy-Proporti on of total taxi ncome gen erated bourism only11.Ec ono mic diversity-Share of different economic activities in the total

30、tax in come12.E nergy con sumpti on-Ratio of ren ewablee nergy sourcesto non-ren ewablee nergy sources(c on sumpti on)13.Waste man ageme nt-Percentageof householdswith proper sewage system-Perce ntageof waste recei vin gtreatme nt14. Educatio n and trai ning-Percentageof local people involved in tou

31、rism with professi onal training and educati on-Distribution of tourism employeesby education-Percentageof tourism employees(and local people) participating in on-the-job training in a giventime period15.Local satisfacti on-Overall perception of tourisms impactsin local community16.Tourist satisfact

32、i on-Overall satisfaction of tourists concerning the quality anc the value/price ratio of the complex tourist product-Percentage/changeof repeat visits compared to first-time visitsTHE CONCEPT OF RURAL TOURISMRural tourism is an old and a new phenomenonat the sametime. Interestin coun tryside recrea

33、ti on startedto grew already in the 19. cen tury as areacti on to the stress of the increasing urbanization and industrialisation. The rural scene was admired by poets and artists. The new railway companies transported more and more tourists to the countryside. However, the rural tourism of our era

34、is different: the nu mber of tourists invo lved has in creased sig nifica ntly and tourism has developed in all types of coun tryside in stead of being limited to areas of excepti on al sce nic beauty.Though it seemsto be simple to define rural tourism as tourism that takes place in the countryside,

35、 this definition does not include the complexity of the activity and the different forms and meanings developed in different countries. According to a broader definition, rural tourism includes a range of activities, services and amenities provided by farmers and rural people to attract tourists to

36、their areain order to generateextra income for their businesses(Gannon, 1988, in te Kloeze, 1994). If this broader concept is accepted,rural tourism covers not only farm tourism or agritourism (which is generally what rural tourism meansfor most people), but also special interest nature holidays, to

37、uring in rural areas and residential tourism, and the services include - besides accommodation - events, festivities, outdoor recreation, production and sale of handicrafts and agricultural products, etc.The term rural tourism has different meanings in different countries. In Finland, for example,it

38、 usually means renting out cottagesto visitors or providing catering services in the countryside. In Hungary, a special term of village tourism exists, indicating that only activities and servicesprovided in villages are included in this kind of tourism (as we will see later, village tourism typical

39、ly covers low-priced accommodation, involvement in agricultural or other local activities is not common). In Slovenia, the most important form of rural tourism is tourism on family farms, where guests stay either with the farmer family or in a guest house, but visiting farms to have a meal and explo

40、re the farmyard is also popular (Verbole, 1995). In the Netherlands, the rural tourist product means especially camping on the farm, with most farm services being linked to routebound activities as cycling, walking or horse-riding (Peterset al, 1994). In Greece, the main provision of rural tourism p

41、roduct is bed and breakfast with accommodation in traditionally furnished rooms and with traditional breakfasts often based on home-madeproducts. Complementary activities - currently still on a limited scale - include restaurantsand refreshmentfacilities or the organisationof cultural and recreation

42、alactivities (Turner, 1993).Rural tourism is one of the main priorities of tourism developmentin many European countries, including Hungary. The market for rural holidays is growing at the same time as the future of many ruralregions is uncertain, due to changesin agricultural practice (including th

43、e effects of the Common Agricultural Policy in the EU) or the increasing attractivenessof urban living standards.Rural tourism seemsto be an appropriate tool to revitalise the declining rural areasand to ensure their sustainable future by job retention or even job creation, increased job diversity,

44、service retention, farm support, broadenedcultural provision, landscape and nature conservation or the maintenance of rural arts and crafts as tourist attractions. Rural tourism often provides an incentive (and part of the necessary funding) for infrastructural development, which then contributesto

45、the growth of other economic activities in rural areas. A specific benefit of rural tourism developmentcan be the increasing number of opportunities for social interaction for local people who often live relatively isolatedlives in agricultural communities (Swarbrooke,1996).RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAIN

46、ABILITYRural tourism is often consideredto be intrinsically sustainable,for it attracts small number of visitors, there is no need for extensive infrastructural development, tourists are usually genuinely interestedin the local culture and traditions. One of the main attraction of rural holidays is

47、the personal interaction with local residents, so hosts and guests are able to share ideas and knowledge, and consequently tourism can fulfil its role as the industry of peace, as a tool of mutual understanding.Nevertheless, if rural tourism development is analysed on a deeper level, certain doubts

48、arise concerning intrinsic sustainability. The most significant issue to be investigated is the economic profitability of rural tourist services, since the demand is often seasonal,the occupancy ratesare low and the investment required for creating or improving facilities for tourists is often high.

49、 In most rural tourist destinations it is quite unlikely that tourism can be viable as a sole source of income. Rural tourism can usually be only one of the income-generating alternatives in a region, so its role in sustainabledevelopmentis highly influenced by the performancesof other economic sect

50、ors(especially agriculture).Concerning environmental sustainability, experiences suggest that considerableinvestment needsto be undertakenin the environmental management of vulnerable natural assets in order to make ruraltourism in any sensesustainable. Tourists are usually most attracted by the ind

51、ustrially least developed regions, which are particularly sensitive to human interference. In addition, managed agricultural landscapesdo not always meet the expectations of tourists based on the imagesof traditional rural landscapesrepresentedin the tourist literature and in promotional materials.T

52、ourism development also influences the socio-cultural characteristics of rural destinations,both in positive and negative way (Keane & Quinn, 1990; Peters et al, 1994). As positive impacts, the following can be mentioned: rural tourism usually encouragesbetter use of the available resources(like lan

53、d, labour, capital, natural and cultural attractions), brings about socio-economic change,contributes to heritage protection and the conservationof the rural environment, provides more social contact for local people and increases their chance to learn about other cultures. As negative impacts, tour

54、ism in rural areas changesor damagesthe rural landscapeand the natural and cultural values of a given region, rearrangessocial stratification (this can also be interpreted as a positive change in certain cases), puts additional pressure on the local community, changes their rhythm of life, threatens

55、 their privacy or results in the inauthentic presentation of local customs and traditions, adapted to thetouristswishes.外文 文献译文乡村旅游与可持续发展导言乡村旅游是总体旅游业的一部分，在匈牙利这样一个国家显得特别重要。她 没有壮 观的自然景观，没有海滨，高山，热带雨林或畜群和稀有动物。但是，它的 有吸引力的 文化景观的小村庄，温泉，河流和湖泊，再加上传统的热情接待，能够提供 愉快的经验 给那些正在寻找放松和娱乐、平静环境的旅游者。一方面，乡村旅游业的发展可以为匈牙利的旅游

56、发展发挥重要作用，以及建 立一个 更加复杂的多姿多彩的国家形象。另一方面，乡村旅游不仅是目的，而是手 段，以刺激 经济增长，增加对欠发达地区发展的可行性，并改善当地居民的生活水平。如果乡村旅游是为了实现所有这些作用的，那么就必须采取措施以确保长期 可持续 发展的资源本身进步发展。但是，什么是可持续地发展乡村旅游？如何才能 持续进行监 测，并促进在乡村目的地发展？本文试图通过研究这些被认为是有关这种类 型旅游形式 的指标，提出当前匈牙利乡村旅游的发展形势，并回答提出的问题。旅游业可持续发展世界环境与发展委员会的布伦特兰报告于 1987 年介绍了可持续发展的概念，确定了可持续发展的概念为“发展，以

57、满足目前的需要，而又不损害子孙后代并满 足其需要 。”旅游业在世界各地是一个重要的经济活动，在 1997 年，它的运输超过六亿一千七百万人次并产生了四亿四千八百万美元收益（世贸组织，1998 年）。这是一个重要的经济力量，产生于 1996 年，估计有 3,1533 亿美元的生产总值，创造了 2.55 亿人的就业机会， 10.7%的世界国内生产总值，并投资 7660 亿美元的新设施和设备 ， 每年贡献超过 6533 亿 美元应用于全球税收收入（世界旅行和旅游理事会， 1996 年） 。旅游业的数量和意义清楚地表明，发展新形式的“另类”旅游，尽量最小化 发展旅 游业的消极影响和最大化旅游业发展的积

58、极影响是不够的。全行业必须采取 不破坏自然 和社会文化环境的开发和管理方式，这是对世界各地旅游业责任。虽然布伦特兰报告没有特别提到旅游业，但是从它出版开始，旅游业的角色 在对不 断地滥用地球资源进行了分析后可持续旅游业的概念就出现了。可持续旅游业有几个往往有歧义的定义。根据定义，联邦的自然和国家公园 ，可持 续 旅游业是“一切形式的旅游开发、管理和活动，以保持环境、社会和经济 的完整性和 福祉 的自然、建立，以及文化资源的永久性” （ FNNP ， 1993 年） 。一本由旅游关 切和 世界自然基金会出版的确定可持续旅游“作为一种自然的对未来自然资 源的生产力 有再生 能力的 ;承认人民和社区，习俗和生活方式，增加了旅游业的经验 ;接受这些必须有 一个公 平分享的经济利益的旅游业的人的贡献 ;以及指导当地人民和社区所在地区的愿望” （旅 游关怀与世界自然基金会， 1992 年） 。虽然现有的定义通常有不同的重点或水平，但布伦特兰报告的主要的信息似 乎是越 来越多的接受了旅游业在世界各地。然而，这一概念的可持续性是非常复杂 的，并且有 许多影响（ Mowforth Munt ， 1998 年） 。生态的可持续性，意味着旅游业的发展不会在某一目的地的生态系统中造成 不可逆 转的变化，这是被