外文翻译=从生态加工技术对攻丝的研究_大学论文

1、中国地质大学长城学院毕业设计外文资料翻译译文从生态加工技术对攻丝的研究摘要这项研究是关于攻螺纹（扭矩，攻丝，磨损，工作硬度等）的加工特性。在生态加工技 术操作下，涂有TiN的MMCC铝合金金属复合材料）攻螺丝形成的攻丝得到了调查，并与 没有涂层的特性进行了比较。下面的结果就是从这份研究中得到的：I.TiN涂层攻丝的刀具寿命是没有攻丝的四倍；2.有TiN涂层的攻丝形成的螺纹比没有的加工硬化要低。关键词：攻丝；攻螺丝；螺纹；生态加工；钻孔1 .引言螺栓、螺钉机械连接中的螺纹是机械部件的最重要紧固系统之一。螺纹制造有很多种 方法，特别攻螺丝是用来生产内螺纹的有效的技术。最近，每年都强调增加生产力。据

2、说现在的车间里，最重要和最严重的问题是提高生 产力。怎样改善孔加工（钻/铰孔和攻丝）已成为一个严重的问题。传统的刀具材料限制 了生产力的提高，如高速钢刀具加工铝合金金属复合材料（MMC时刀具寿命很短由于碳化硅粒子的腐蚀天性。因此，刀具的磨损和破坏阻碍了生产力的提高。为了实现理想的生 产力，攻丝已经吸引了车间工程师的注意。在这项研究中，用攻丝加工 MMC利用攻丝（扭矩，攻丝磨损，工作硬度等）的切割 特点，有TiN涂层和没有涂层的都进行了调查。2. 实验方法2.1实验装置攻丝试验在辛辛那提 5 NC-MC （5HP进行。该（钻孔和攻丝）仪器和数据采集系统如图2.1。切削力（推力和扭矩）测定使用三个

3、类型9273压电电力测功器和相应的场所用5007电荷放大器放大。得到的信号，然后传递到 A / D转换器AZI-16-12，连接到个 人电脑。切削力测量安装如图2.2。2.2工件，钻及塔在本实验中使用的工件是铝合金（2618 MMC的增强，15%碳化硅颗粒。形成无槽丝锥的螺纹是M10如图2.3和两种类型的攻丝被用来在调查过程中。攻丝的形状类似于螺钉的形状（M1Q孔距1.5），无论有没有氮化钛涂层。定位孔的直径9.3mm用于所有试验和聚晶金刚石攻丝钻孔（高速钢硬质合金碳化钨 和聚晶金刚石钻孔）用在所有测试。本实验中用的钻头如图2.4。Illi I 川Tap (M10)图2.1窃听器和数据采集仪器

4、图2.2 Schmatic图的窃听系统 图2.3水龙头用于这项工作2.3仪表和检测方法的线程线程的估计是用螺纹规来衡量。结果被分为A等和B等1 。硬铝合金2 螺纹深度是攻丝直径的1.4倍。甲等-质量：直径通过整个螺纹测量。乙等-质量：直径至少15毫米。图2.5是显示的直径指标（M10X 1.5 ISO 6H）。2.4实验特性攻丝试验时，切削速度（攻丝的转速）是215 rpm和进给速度0.1mm/rev （322.5mm/min） 冷却油（氯和硫免费热切割石油）手动供应。3. 实验结果与讨论在M10攻丝操作的推力和扭矩信号显示在图 3.1。结果表明，随着螺纹扣数的形成，扭 矩增大，离开孔时减小。

5、然而，可以看到几乎没有推力的增加。图2.4形状的聚晶金刚石钻头M IQQ M IX图2.5螺纹规3.1转矩比较图3.1图切削力信号根据窃听测试扭矩图3.2比较扭矩信号（第1洞和第8洞）与扭矩图3.2显示是先前所提到的有TiN涂层和没有涂层的第1孔和第8孔攻丝的扭矩信号 图2.1参数确定Pb乜 21:P茜ramete5Tool MaterialMachine ToolTappinq ParametersDrillingPilot hole 9 3 PCD DrillsCincinnati 5 NC-f/C(5HP)N=1500rp(n (仁O.IOmm/rev)Thread formingM10

6、X1I.5HSSTiN coated, UncoatedCincinnati 5 NC-MC (5HP) OilN=215rpm f=322.5mm/iTiim(1 5mm/rev)在攻丝操作的初始阶段显示推力和扭矩的增加。然而，当螺纹成形进入全速时，推力 显示出下降的趋势伴随着扭矩的增加和攻丝缩回，在螺纹孔口也可以看到负扭矩的出现。图3.1负推力值是攻丝偏离中心的结果是因为一方不正当的工件，刀具的安装或定位 空的表面粗糙度。上述不确定的因素是定位孔的表面粗糙度。当有TiN涂层第一孔的攻螺纹的攻丝扭矩值 8.7 Nm而没有涂层的值是11.2Nm得到 扭矩信号。因而，第一孔有涂层的相比没有涂层的

7、扭矩减少了28 %。而对第8孔有TiN涂层的扭矩相比没有涂层减少了 52 %。初始阶段和在攻丝突破点前扭矩信号的比较表明，没有涂层的攻丝扭矩减少要明显于 有TiN涂层的攻丝。可以说，就形成的攻丝而言，在车螺纹时工作是均匀分布在刮削端。 扭矩的比较结果总结在图3.3。结果表明，有TiN涂层的攻丝扭矩一般低于那些没有涂层 的攻丝。3.2螺纹形式的比较有TiN涂层和没有涂层的攻丝的螺纹形式如图3.4。在螺纹孔，位置的横截面的放大图像以及1, 4, 8号孔作了比较。图3.4是不同位置螺纹的照片模型，而图3.5是八号孔放大的图像。可以从图3.5中看出，有TiN涂层攻丝形成的螺纹的侧面没有异常。相反，没有

8、涂层表明孔的进口和出口相应的号和号位置无规律。图3.3比较扭矩信号同类型图3.4阐明的轴向截面建制线程15为了验证上述的意见，对孔和进行详细的分析进行。结果总结在图3.6。图3.6（a）和（b）给出了 1号和8号螺纹孔各自的和位置的结果。可以观察图3.6（ a），有TiN涂层的攻丝齿形远远优于没有涂层的。3.3比较加工硬化当采用有TiN涂层和没有涂层的攻丝车螺纹时，研究比较加工硬化的严重性。 本研究结果归纳于图3.7。选用了两种类型中1号攻丝。有TiN涂层和没有涂层的结果分别在图 3.7（&）和（b）。用能受100 gw的硬度测量 硬度仪测量硬度。结果表明，有TiN涂层的攻螺纹的硬度低于没有涂

9、层的。上述结果表明，在以下几个 方面，如螺纹形式和加工硬化等，有 TiN涂层的攻丝优于没有涂层的攻丝。 V图3.5比较线程形式图3.6比较扩大线程形式3.4刀具寿命的比较有TiN涂层和没有涂层的攻丝被用来调查性能和攻丝的刀具寿命一样高。每种类型的 攻丝反复进行3次试验，。结果总结在图3.8。螺纹规读数用A,B值评估。结果表明，在刀具寿命达到限制前，螺纹孔的平均数，是 没有TiN涂层攻丝的X = 13和有涂层攻丝的X = 49。有TiN涂层攻丝的刀具寿命是没有 涂层的3.8倍。3.5比较塔磨损图3.9显示各种类型攻丝的刀具磨损，在实验中车螺纹后如图3.8所示。应当指出的是,所有用于比较的攻丝已充

10、分达到刀具寿命。有TiN涂层和没有涂层的攻丝分别如图 3.9 （*和（b）,。可以看出，所有攻丝的刀具磨损点。此外，可以看到大量的磨损在分界线 上。有TiN涂层和没有涂层攻丝的比较，如放大点，结果表明，后者的磨损明显高于前者。 就有TiN涂层攻丝来说，在刀具磨损区可以看到覆盖的TiN涂层。lidl- lhiiif I . nwlii卓d i|* Wl HM图3.7图3.8用攻丝的刀具寿命的比较比较硬度分布图3.9用攻丝的刀具磨损比较4. 结论4.1有TiN涂层的刀具的寿命大约是没有涂层的刀具寿命的4倍。4.2和没有TiN涂层的刀具相比，有涂层刀具的扭转力下降了28 %。4.3和没有TiN涂层的

11、刀具相比，带有涂层的齿形螺纹刀具则显示出更少的不规则性。4.4有TiN涂层的刀具的硬度低于没有涂层的刀具。4.5从以上结果显示，有TiN涂层的刀具在以下方面优于没有涂层的刀具：刀具寿命，螺 纹样式和加工硬化等。参考文献1 WOLFGANGSTRACHE : Alternative Strategies for the Production of Threads in Aluminum-based SICReinforced Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) Alloy,1993.2 Beitz.W : Dubbel-Taschhenbuch fuer den Masch

12、inenbau. ISBN 3-540-52381-2, (1990), G15.外文原文A Study on Tapp ing Viewed from Eco-Machi ning Tech no logyAbstractThis study deals with machining characteristics of thread tapping (torque, tap, wear, workhardness etc.) The tapping of MMC (aluminum alloy metal matrix composite) with TiN coated forming

13、taps un der eco-mach ining tech no logy operati on, where chips are not produced and ejected from the tap flute, was investigated and compared with the characteristics during uncoated tapping. The following results are obtained from this study. 1.The tool life of TiN coated taps was 4 times Ion ger

14、tha n that of un coated tap2.Threads formed with the TiN coated taps exhibit lower work harde ning tha n those formed with un coated taps.Keywords: Tap；Tapp ing；Thread;Eco-Mach ining ；Drilli ng1. IntroductionThreads form the mechanical joint of a bolt crew connection, which is one of the most import

15、a nt faste ning systems for mecha ni cal comp onen ts. There are many ways of thread maki ng, especially that of tapp ing which has bee n employed as an efficie nt tech nique for the product ion of internal threads.Recently, the rise of productivity has been emphasized year by year. Also it is said

16、that the improvement of productivity is one of the most important and serious problem in today s mach ine shops. The improveme nt of hole making product ion (drilli ng/ream ing and tapp ing) has become a serious matter. One factor limiting productivity gains has been that conventional tool materials

17、 such as HSS exhibit very short tool lives when machining an aluminum alloy metal matrix composite (MMC) due to the abrasive nature of the SiC particles. Therefore, the improvement has been obstructed by various problems as rapid tool wear and failure. As a mean of achiev ing the desired productivit

18、y gains, formi ng taps have caught the atte nti on of mach ine shop engin eers.In this study, cutting characteristics of tapping (torque, taps wear, work hardness, etc.) during the tapping of MMC with forming taps, both TiN coated and uncoated was investigated.2. Experimental Methods2.1 Experime nta

19、l Equipme ntThe tapp ing tests were con ducted on a Cincin ati 5 -MC (5HP).NC (drilli ng and tapp ing) apparatus and data acquisition system are presented in Figure 2.1. The cutting forces (thrust and torque) were measured using a three comp onent Kistler Type 9273 Piezo-electric dyn amometer and th

20、e corresp onding locus was amplified by a Kistler type 5007 charge amplifier. The sig nal obtained was then passedto a Towa A/D converter type AZI-16-12, connected to a personal computer. A schematic diagram of the cutting force measuring setup is presented in Figure 2.2.and data acquisition apparat

21、usFigure 2.2: Schmatic diagram of the tapping system.Figure 2.3: laps used in this v/ork.2.2 Workpiece, Drill and TapThe workpiece used in this experime nt is alumi num alloy (2618 MMC) rein forced with 15 vol% silicon carbide (SiC) particulate. The thread forming fluteless taps were M10 as shown in

22、 Figure 2.3 and two types of taps were used during the course of the investigation.The shape of the taps was similar to the shape of a screw (M10, Pitch:1.5), either uncoated or coated with Titanium nitride (TiN).Pilot holes of 9.3mm diameter were used for all trials and PCD tipped drills (HSS cemen

23、ted tungsten carbide and polycrystalline diamond drilling) were employed in all the tests. The shape of drill used in this test is show n in Figure Gauge and In specti on Method of ThreadThe estimate of threads was performed with a thread gauge (Go-NoGo gauge).The results were classified as

24、A and B quality1. Where, 1.4 输pped diameter is Diameter is the recomme nded depth of thread of hard Alumi num alloy2.A -quality : Gauge can be turned through the whole thread.B -quality : Gauge can be turned in at least 15mm.Figure 2.5 shows the appearance of gauge (M101.5 ISO 6H).2.4 Experime ntal

25、CharacteristicsTapp ing tests were con ducted at a cutt ing speed (rotati onal speed of tap) of 215 rpm and feed rate of 0.1mm/rev (322.5mm/mi n). Coola nt oil (Chlori ne and sulphur free heat cutt ing oil) was supplied manu ally.Figure 2.4 Shape of PCD Drill.cif岬器岬ip詁严呷需|呷幕“186I ,甲甲if甲*i IQQ iiq in

26、Figure 2.5: Thread gauge.花 ble 2.1: Tapping Pb日 m亡杞rsTool MaterialMachine Toollappinq ParametersDrillingPilot hole 9 3 PCD DrillsCincinnati 51 NC-MC(SHP)N=i500rpm(r=0,i0mnn/rev)Thread formingMIDX 1.5HSSTiN coated, UncoatedCincinnati 5 NCMC (5HP)OilN=215rpmf=322.5rrim/nnim(1,5mm/rev)3. Experimental R

27、esults And DiscussionCutting Forces in Tapping (thrust, torque) The thrust and torque signals produced in this tapping operati on with a M10 tap are show n in Figure 3.1. The results show that torque in creases with nu mber of threads formed and decreases at the in sta nt that the tap is about to br

28、eak through the outlet of the hole. Whereas, little in crease in thrust can be observed.Twiiiv |.jii |.斗 nr QwxlMciuK *Figure 3.1: Plot of cutting force signals under the tapping lest with tap.Figure 3 2 Comparison of torque signals (1st hole and 8 hes)with tap.3.1 Comparis on of TorqueFigure 3.2 sh

29、ows torque sig nals of tap in the 1st hole and 8th holes for the TiN-coated and un coated taps men ti oned in the previous sect ion.At the in itial stage of the tapp ing operati on both thrust and torque show an in crease in magn itude. However, when the thread forming operation enters full gear, th

30、e thrust force shows a decreasing trend accompa nied with in in crease in torque and as the tap retracts after breakthrough, a n egative torque of 5N magn itude can be observed across a few threads at hole outlet.The negative thrust value observed in Figure 3.1 is the outcome of the deflection of th

31、e tap from the cen ter due to either improper workpiece, tool setup or poor finish of the pilot holes. The incon clusive results observed above led to the inv estigat ing of the factors resp on sible for the poor finish of the pilot holes.The torque sig nals derived while threadi ng taps for the 1st

32、 hole show tapp ing torque values of 8.7 Nm for the TiN coated tap and11.2 Nm for the uncoated and tap respectively. Thus, for the 1st hole, the TiN coated tap exhibits a 28% reduct ion in torque compared to the un coated tap. While for the 8th hole the reduct ion in torque for the TiN coated tap is

33、 approximately 52% as compared to un coated tap.Comparis on of the torque sig nals at the in itial phase and prior to breakthrough of the taps shows that the un coated tap exhibits a sharper decrease in torque tha n the TiN coated tap. It can be said that, i n the case of forming taps, work is eve n

34、ly distributed at the scrape point duri ng thread ing.A comparison of the torque results is summarized in Figure 3.3. Results indicate that tapping torque of the TiN coated tap is gen erally lower tha n those of the un-coated tap.3.2 Comparis on of Thread FormsThe thread forms for the TiN coated and

35、 uncoated taps are shown in Figure 3.4. Magnified images of the axial cross-section of the formed threads at position N， and in holesand 1.4 and 8 were used in the comparis on.Figure 3.4 is a model of the photographed threads at the various positi ons, while Figure 3.5 shows magn ified images for ho

36、le No.8biHHT si Ihl-f Bl fcrtFigure 3,3: Comparison of torque signals with both typeECFigure 3.4: illustrate of the axiaE cross-section ot the formed threadsAs it can be seen from Figure 3.5, the thread profile at position No to of threads formed with the TiN coated tap show no abnormalities. On the

37、 contrary, with the uncoatedtaps the root shows irregularities at position No. and corresponding to the hole inlet and outlet.In order to validate the observati ons men ti oned above, a detailed an alysis was performed on holes No. and .Results are summarized in Figure 3.6. Figure 3.6(a) and (b) giv

38、e results for hole No. and 8 at thread position No and respectively. As it can be observed in Figure 3.6(a), the tooth profile of the TiN coated is far superior to the un coated tap.Figure 3.5. companson or thread fomnsFigure 3.&: compEirisoi of enlarged trtread forms.3.3 Comparis on of Work Harde n

39、ingA comparative study was performed to inv estigate the magn itude of work harde ning whe n using the TiN coated and un coated taps to form threads.Results of this study are summarized in Figure 3.7. Tap No.1 of both tap types were used.Results for the TiN coated and un coated tap are give n in Fig

40、ure 3.7(a) and (b) respectively. Hardn ess was measured on a hard ness tester loaded with a 100 gw.The results show that the hard ness of the TiN coated tapp ing thread is lower tha n the un coated tapp ing thread. The above results show that the TiN coated tap is superior to the un coated tap in th

41、e follow ing aspects, thread form and work harde ning etc,.3.4Comparis on of Tool LifeThe TiN coated and un coated taps were used to inv estigate the performa nee level with respect to tool life of taps. Tests were repeatedly performed three times with each type of tap. The results are summarized in

42、 Figure 3.8.Thread gauge readings were evaluated using A, B values. The results indicate that the average number of thread holes before tool life limit is reached are uncoated X =13 and TiN coated tap X =49 hole tap. The tool life of the TiN coated tap is 3.8 times Ion ger tha n that of un coated ta

43、p.Figure 3.7: Cornpanson 3f ttie hardness distribution.Agure 3.8: Comparison of tael life witti tap.Figure 3.9: Comparison of tool wear v；iUi tap.3.5 Comparis on of Tap WearFigure 3.9 shows the tool wear of the various taps after threading in the experiments indicated in Figure 3.8. It should be no ted that all the taps used for this comparis on have al