英美文化差异（论文）

1、英美文化差异（论文） 摘要关键词abstractculture is a complex including knowledge and belief art morals law custom and members of the society who acquired as any other capabilities and habitsthe process of communication is people use the language knowledge and social and cultural knowledge transfer information proce

2、ss so learning language and understanding language reflect the cultural background knowledge is not dividedunderstanding of english culture knowledge help communication unblocked and efficient manner instead lack of understanding of english cultural background knowledge will inevitably lead to commu

3、nication barriers conflict and misunderstandingmy thesis not because they are talking to grammar mistakes and refers to the way the thought of not satisfactory or do not accord with the habit of expression or to be out of datespeaker fails to the anglo-american social custom caused by mistake to tal

4、k range is very wide communication culture from daily greetings praise meet thanks apologize to the understanding of the euphemism taboo language and even posture language etc so we should in training students english language ability meanwhile more let classmates recognition and understanding of th

5、e two communicative english and chinese cultural differencelet us more in-depth study english understand english culture background and we learn english is closely linked let more chinese english speakers in cross-cultural communication is aware of the cultural differences and know how to avoid unne

6、cessary because the difference of conflict and misunderstandings and embarrassed let them in cross-cultural communication can for freelykeywords cultural differences language ability cultural background cross-culturalcontents摘 要iabstractii1 introduction12 the purpose and meaning of this research321

7、the purpose322 the meaning33 comparison of the traditional cultures531 chinese values and beliefs5 com values of collectivism and harmony5 com hierarchy and humility5 com courtesy good manners532 american values and beliefs6com individual freedom and self-reliance6com equality of opportunity and com

8、petition6com material wealth and hard work74 elaboration on this difference for the daily communication and influence841 forms of address842 greeting and farewell943 compliments and praise1044 visiting and entertaining1145 miscellaneous communication considerations12 conclusion14acknowledgments15bib

9、liography161 introduction with the developing of sciences and technologies people with different cultural backgrounds are communicating more and more frequentlypeople with different lifestyles ways of thinking behavior and values are interacting more with each other with more cross-cultural communic

10、ation because of cultural differences misunderstandings may arise although the language used in communication may be faultless the same words or expressions may not mean the same thing to different peoples due to culture differences a serious question may cause amusement or laughter a harmless state

11、ment may cause displeasure or anger cultural difference may result in jokes by a foreign speaker being received with blank faces and stony silence yet the same stories in the speaker抯 own country may leave audiences holding their sides with laughter social scientists tell us that cultures differ fro

12、m one another and that each culture is unique cultural differences can be viewed as the way in which other groups societi es or countries are socially organized developed and communicate and which have customs laws and lifestyles differing from other ethnographic groups as cultures are diverse so la

13、nguages are diverse it is only natural then that differences in languages can create differences in communicating between cultures and across cultures understanding is not always easy it is therefore very important to be aware of and understand culture differences only with that will someone know ho

14、w to respect other cultures and how to use their languages well when communicating with them agreement about a simple meaning of culture is not in sight various definitions of culture reflect differing theories for understanding or criteria for evaluating human act ivity sir edward b tylor writing f

15、rom the perspective of social anthropology in the uk in 1871 described culture in the following way culture or civilization taken in its wide ethnographic sense is that complex whole which includes knowledge belief art morals law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a memb

16、er of society 揅ulture consists of all the shared products of human society this means not only such visible things as cities organizations and schools but also non-material things such as ideas customs family patterns languages to simplify culture refersh to the entire way of life of a society 搕he w

17、ays of a people language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it some social scientists consider it the keystone of culture without language they maintain culture would not be pos sible on the other hand language is influenced and shaped by culture it reflects culture in the broad

18、est sense language is the symbolic representation of a people and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking2 the purpose and meaning of this research21 the purpose culture as a term the elastic somebody said that th

19、e culture as a kind of complex social phenomenon the 19th century english anthropologistedward taylor tylorin the primitive cultures in a culture give off a classicthe definition of culture is a complex including knowledge and belief arts and law morality customs and as a member of society and any o

20、ther ability and habit communication process is the use of language knowledge and social and cultural knowledge of the process of delivering information so learning a language and understanding of the language cultural information are not divorced learn english culture society was clear and effectiv

21、e on the contrary knowledge of english cultural background inevitably lead to social barriers conflicts and misunderstandingmy paper has not caused any grammatical structure of the launches and means to speak of it or does not accord with expression or rather outdated the speaker failed to follow th

22、e british and american social custom to come by social and cultural involves very wide greeting from daily to meet praised thank you sorry to learn to master euphemism and taboo words and body language so we must train students in english language ability more and let the students to identify and un

23、derstanding between the two types of social and cultural differences so i chose the united states in daily communication of cultural differences the subject22 the meaning recent news reports that a chinese students violating the rules without security rushed to the airport with girlfriend goodbye zo

24、ne the results of that airport had to thousands of passengers to safety and goodbye security event occurred c terminal implementing six hours of closed measures many operators flights have therefore delay for the airport small kiss upon events that the name of the united states foreign students must

25、 inspects aviation security but americans dont think airline security is items and seriously work here two countries in dealing with different cultural problems will have distinct effect like our english learning language is the carrier of culture is part of the culture in human culture the emergenc

26、e and development process of with culture language is always the synchronous development change therefore english learning is not only language learning is also a kind of culture study however in the current study often more concerned external form of language and grammatical structure and ignore th

27、e language of the cultural differences this will affect our understanding and mastering of language let us more in-depth study of englishabout english culture and we learn english are closely relatedlet more chinese english student realized the cultural differences in the cultural communicationto kn

28、ow how to avoid the conflict because of the differencesmisunderstanding and awkwardlet them in the cultural communication in a fluent communication3 comparison of the traditional cultures31 chinese values and beliefs traditional chinese culture evolved very gradually over a long historical period in

29、to a form of national spirit manifested in group loyalty it expresses itself in the modes of thinking and behavior in the national temperament and in other aspects of culture still perceptibly influential today generally speaking the traditional chinese culture values can be summed up as follows col

30、lectivism harmony hierarchy humility and courtesycom values of collectivism and harmony a key belief of people in collectivist cultures is that the smallest unit of survival is the collective or group chinese culture is characterized as being collectivism orientated the basic unit is the family coll

31、ective not the individual it is sometimes referred to as a collective or group culture filial piety is one of the principal virtues counseled by confucius this is not an abstraction but one that manifests itself daily by children and adult children demonstrating their obedience and solicitousness to

32、wards their parents and solicitous of their welfare family support is rated highly by all family support necessitates cooperation with others therefore harmony is highly valued and open conflict avoided competition is not encouraged one important way to achieve harmony is to accept and respect each

33、person抯 need to preserve face ie honor com hierarchy and humility another key characteristic of traditional chinese culture is hierarchy people have to accept their social position both family and society in order to achieve social harmony confucius wrote 揕et the emperor be an emperor thle subject a

34、 subject the father a father and the son a son this implies that within the family as within the nation people were not equal he acknowledged inequality because in his view the obligations between higher and lower orders in society worked in both directions each had a duty towards the other througho

35、ut chinese history people have shown respect for seniority rank age and family with a hierarchical perspectivecom courtesy good manners as harmony is desired in a hierarchical society courtesy has always played a key role in chinese culture when interacting with people humility manifests itself in e

36、veryday life and often without our awareness it often takes the form of self-disparagement32 american values and beliefs american culture has been viewed as 揷ultural pluralism throughout american history there has been diversity shown by the cultures of the differing native american tribes spanish s

37、ettlers in the south-west and florida african slaves french traderaks and british colonialists over two hundred years of immigration has increased that diversification the american culture is often referred to as an individualistic culture where individuals subordinate the goals of collectives to th

38、eir personal goals six core values or beliefs have evolved as traditional american values freedom of the individual self-reliance equality of opportunity competition the desire for material wealth and hard workcom individual freedom and self-reliance due to limitation of the power of government chur

39、ch and absence of aristocracy the early settlers created a climate of freedom with emphasis on the individual the new independent united states post 1776 instilled the concept of individual freedom probably the most basic of american values a key belief of people in individualistic cultures is that

40、the smallest unit of survival is the individual american culture is sometimes referred to as the 揑culture sin ce it is the individual rather than the group which is emphasized freedom for americans means the right of all individuals to control their own destiny without outside interference from gove

41、rnment a ruling class church or other organized authority americans are therefore expected to take the initiative in advancing their personal interests and well-being and to be direct and assertive in interacting with others hugrove199131 a price is however paid for individual freedom self-reliance

42、americans believe that the individual must learn to rely on themselves or risk losing freedom this often means achieving financial and emotional independence from parents at the earliest time possible the need to 搒tand on theirs own feetis considered a prio ritycom equality of opportunity and compet

43、ition president lincoln expressed the value of 揺quality of opportunity americans understand this as the right to have equal chance for success in life but not that everyone is or should be equal they see life asst a race for success equality means that everyone should have an equal chance to enter t

44、he race and win in other words equality of opportunity may be thought of as an ethical rule by ensuring that the race for success is fair and that a person does not win just because heshe was born into wealth if life is seen as a race then a person must run it in order to succeed a person must compe

45、te with others this is the price paid for equality of opportunity it is expected that everyone should attempt to be successful americans match their intelligence against that of their neighbors in a competitive contest for success the more successful are considered as winners the pressures of compet

46、ition in life begin in early childhood and continue until retirement learning to compete and win is part of growing up competition and the desire to win are considered healthy and desirablecom material wealth and hard work material wealth is probably the most widely accepted measure of social status

47、 in america rejection of european class structure and the adoption of a more classless society saw the emergence of a substitute for judging social status the quantity and quality of an individual material wealth became that substitute however americans pay a price for this hard work the land and ot

48、her rich natural resources were exploited by hard work as was the industrialization of america the wealth generated was and is still converted into material possessions and a high standard of living hard work has rewarded many material possessions are the tangible evidence of this4 elaboration on th

49、is difference for the daily communication and influence41 forms of address the trend is for americans to address others by using first names such as bill or jean rather than the more formal method of address such as mr smith or miss jones this also applies even when people meet for the first time it

50、 is also common when young children address older people including their grandparents this is not considered a sign of disrespect but as an accepted cultural norm people of different social status also do the same for example students often call their professors by their first name this is not regar

51、ded as a sign of familiarity or disrespect but rather as an indication that the relationship between professor and student is affable and has a sense of equality the chinese custom in this aspect certainly seems to counter what is practiced in the united states in china seniority is paid respect wit

52、h the affability and equality of the american professor and student relationship absent it is expected for the junior to address the senior in a formal and proper way the reaction of a grandparent being called by their first name by a grandchild or a teacherlecturer being addressed in first name ter

53、ms by a student would be one of shock and result in possible displeasure and probable reprimand the old traditional hierarchical structure in chinese society has helped maintain this respectful form of addressing others two prefixes used in chinese which do however embody a less formally and more fr

54、iendly form of address are lao and xiao but in comparison to american formal address is what is expected in china chinese often extend kinship terms like ad ye ad ma and a yes to people not related by blood or marriage these terms are used after surnames to indicate politeness and respect in america

55、 however the name alone would ordinarily be enough the english equivalents of the above mentioned kinship terms are not used with relatives it is the first name that is normally used and the relationship is omitted other terms used in addressing people in china are gingham shush and hush aye using t

56、hese terms in the english form in addressing americans would sound odd to the american ear another common chinese form of address is the use of a person抯 title office or occupation such as huang jos hing bureau director huang li jingle manager li liu xiao hang principal liu to use these forms of add

57、ress is far from normal in america though in certain occupations titles are used particularly in establishment occupations such as law government and armed forces eg judge president and general42 greeting and farewell americans have many forms of greeting someone including good morning good evening

58、hello hi the equivalents most commonly used in china particularly in urban areas are nihao or ninhao but traditional greetings in china can still be heard which differ a lot from america two typical greetings-translated into english are have you eaten yet or have you had your lunch addressing an american using these questions would probably be taken literally -the reply would probably be yes or no in fact it would most probably be interpreted as an invitation to come for a meal or an invitation to come to someone抯 home for a meal the greetin