欧盟扩展后的产业结构和产业定位[外文翻译]

1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目： industrial structure and industry location in an enlarged europe 出 处：www.sieps.se/dokument/download-document/20-200319.html 作 者： karolina ekholm 原 文：industrial structure and industry location in an enlarged europeeffects on industrial structureincreased trade generates scope for incr

2、eased specialization both between and within industries. the tendency for the accession countries in cee to be specialized in industries such as textiles and apparel can be seen as reflecting comparative advantages in labour intensive industries. with increased trade, such inter-industry specializat

3、ion patterns are likely to be reinforced. at the same time, we would expect increased trade to also lead to increased specialization in activities within industries that reflect the countries comparative advantages. when the entire process of producing a final good involves several different activit

4、ies, such as conducting research and development, producing intermediate inputs, and assemble inputs into final products, there may be benefits from locating these different activities in different countries. assembly activities are typically relatively labour intensive, and it may therefore be adva

5、ntageous for a fir- m to carry out such activities in countries in which labour is cheap. similarly, the production of labour intensive intermediate inputs will be produced more cheaply in low-wage countries, and therefore it may be advantageous for a firm to outsource this activity to a foreign fir

6、m or, possibly, to carry out the activity in a foreign subsidiary. it has been estimated that about half of the increase in trade between the oecd countries the last couple of decades is related to this type of fragmentation of production.the evidence on the bilateral pattern of trade and fdi sugges

7、ts that production networks of this kind typically involve countries located in geographical proximity to one another. so-called gravity analyses of trade show that, all else being equal, countries trade more with countries located close by than with countries located far away. similar type of analy

8、ses carried out for fdi reveal the same type of pattern: all else being equal, countries invest more in countries located close by than in counties located far away (e.g. ekholm, 1998, shatz and venables, 2000). this means that it seems likely that the baltic states and poland could be prime targets

9、 for firms based in sweden and finland looking for low-wage sites for part of their production processes. countries such as germany and austria may be more prone to invest in countries such as the czech republic and hungary. kaminski and smarzynska (2001) provide evidence that fdi inflows in poland

10、have contributed to an increased participation in these types of global production and distribution networks.it seems reasonable to expect that increased trade between sweden and the accession countries is going to contribute to a further specialization in skill and knowledge intensive industries an

11、d segments of industries and a further movement away from production in labour intensive industries and segments of industries. which regions in sweden are likely to be the most affected by this? the previously mentioned report on the effect of eastern enlargement on the swedish economy from a regio

12、nal perspective (eliasson et al., 1998) shows that southern and central sweden had large employment shares in labour intensive industry in 1995. in particular, this was true for regions located in smaland and bergslagen. the report also argued that small regions tend to be more specialized in labour

13、 intensive industries than large regions, resulting in a pattern where some small regions are very dependent on labour intensive industries for local employment. the opposite pattern is found for knowledge and research intensive industries. these industries are typically found in relatively large re

14、gions, such as regions close to the major cities stockholm and gothenburg and to the university towns uppsala, lund, and linkoping.another relevant question is whether accession is going to affect firms differently depending on their size. it may be easier for large firms to exploit the opportunitie

15、s of improved access to the accession countries markets and of outsourcing labour intensive stages of production. small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) may find it more difficult to reap the benefits of accession, being affected mainly through increased competition from producers in cee. a study

16、 by the rheinisch-westfalisches institute fur wirtschaftsforschung (rwi, 2000) concluded that smes in the eu would not be affected strongly by enlargement, except possibly medium-sized firms located in regions bordering the accession countries.it is apparent that compared to many other countries, a

17、relatively large share of the population in many of the countries in cee have long formal educations. in this respect, these countries have potentially comparative advantages in skill-intensive production. however, as the previous section has shown, at present the cee countries appear to be no more

18、skill abundant than the southern european countries. moreover, the transition process led initially to a dramatic fall in employment in several of the accession countries (see commission of the european communities, 2003). even if employment levels have recovered somewhat, unemployment is still rela

19、tively high. high levels of unemployment should put a cap on wage increases, keeping labour costs relatively low. thus, in the foreseeable future, it seems unlikely that increased trade would drive specialization away from industries and segments of industries that are intensive in low-skilled labou

20、r in the cee countries. an issue related to the effects of trade integration on patterns of specialization is the effect of trade integration on firm and industry location. in industries characterized by increasing returns to scale it may be advantageous for firms to locate in regions with good mark

21、et access. the reason for this is that if trade is costly and the firm wants to derive economies of scale by concentrating production in a single production unit, total trade costs will be minimized if the firm locates its single plant in the market with best access to consumers. regions with good m

22、arket access tend to be regions with large domestic markets and/or a central location vis-vis other regions with large domestic markets. thus, in industries with increasing returns to scale we would expect a tendency for firms to cluster in core regions and a tendency for peripheral regions to be at

23、 a disadvantage in producing such goods. it is not completely clear how trade integration in the form of a lowering of trade costs is likely to affect industrial location. in order for the firm to gain from locating where market access is good, trade has to be costly. on the other hand, if trade cos

24、ts are very high, firms will only sell to domestic consumers and then a high degree of local competition will be a factor that might lead firms to stay away from core regions, since these regions have not only a large number of consumers but also a large number of producers. the theoretical literatu

25、re on trade integration and industrial location suggests that it is primarily at intermediate levels of trade costs that the attraction of core regions is strong (see e.g. fujita, krugman, and venables, 1999). a consequence of this attraction is a tendency for real wages to be higher in the core tha

26、n in the periphery. lower real wages in the accession countries as well as in a country such as sweden compared to the european core might thus simply reflect a less advantageous geographical location, and might be needed in order to induce firms to remain in the region.not every industry is likely

27、to be strongly affected by the benefits of having good market access. it is crucial that the economies of scale are such that the firm chooses to carry out its operations in one or a few plants. in some industries, economies of scale at plant level are relatively weak and firms typically operate man

28、y plants in different locations. moreover, market access is only important if you are producing final goods or inputs potentially bought by many different customers. if the industry is fragmented so that inputs of a specific firm may be produced in one place, whereas the production of the final prod

29、uct takes place in another, the production of final products may very well be attracted to the core, while intermediate inputs production takes place in the periphery.whereas there is a considerable literature analyzing the theoretical implications of trade integration on industrial location, there

30、is very little empirical evidence to draw on. one study analyzing how the location of european industries has evolved in the face of european integration finds very mixed evidence for different industries (midelfart-knarvik, overman, redding, and venables, 2002). some industries seem to have become

31、more concentrated, some more dispersed, while yet some others do not seem to have changed at all. although countries and regions have be- come more specialized within the eu, this process has been very slow. there is no evidence of polarization occurring at the national level, meaning increasing dif

32、ferences in the extent of economic activities, but there is some evidence at the regional level, implying that some regions are in fact losing out (see also midelfart-knarvik and overman, 2002).however the changes, in those cases where there are changes, seem to be very slow. thus, the fear that inc

33、reased trade integration with low-wage countries in cee will produce drastic changes in the location of industries might not be justified. on the other hand, european integration has not involved countries with such low wages before, so it may very well be the case that there is much greater scope f

34、or a relocation of labour intensive industries and segments of industries to the new member countries. within the group of new member countries, the baltic states may be at a certain disadvantage compared to countries such as poland, hungary and the czech republic on account of their more peripheral

35、 location. still, the baltic states are conveniently located for participation in production networks involving scandinavian firms.effects on industrial structure and industry locationa common feature of low-wage, or low-income, countries are that in the absence of capital movements the limited scop

36、e for domestic savings would severely restrict domestic investment. in this sense, foreign capital is instrumental in increasing the pace at which capital accumulation takes place in such countries. furthermore, low-wage countries are usually scarce in technological know- ledge. fdi is associated no

37、t only with a financial investment flow, but also with a foreign firm keep- ing control over the investment project, thereby being able to apply its technology to the project. thus, an increased inflow of fdi will be very important for industrial development and industrial restructuring in the acces

38、sion countries.there are two main reasons as to why the incentives for foreign firms to invest in the accession countries are likely to increase with accession. to begin with, a membership will improve the prospects for high economic growth and a stable development in these countries. this means tha

39、t the incentives to invest in order to get better access to a growing market in the accession countries will increase. furthermore, the improved access to the eu market combined with the low wages will make the accession countries a more attractive location for production for the western european ma

40、rket. this means that the incentives to invest in order to lower the costs of producing goods for the markets in the current eu members will also increase.fdi in production intended for exports is sometimes referred to as export-platform fdi. the recent development in ireland is to a large extent ba

41、sed on such fdi. in particular, us firms have invested heavily in production of goods that are mainly sold outside ireland itself (e.g. barry, 1999). the available evidence on fdi in the accession countries during the late 1990s suggests a strong emphasis on export production. marin et al. (2003) re

42、port a similar emphasis on export production of affiliates of german firms in cee, in particular for those located in the baltic states and the slovakia.译 文：欧盟扩展后的产业结构和产业定位对产业结构的影响贸易增加提高了专业化和产业内部之间的范围。中欧和东欧国家有将专门从事如纺织品和服装这种可以被看作是反映比较优势的劳动力密集型产业的趋势。随着贸易的增长，这种产业间的专业化格局很可能会得到加强。与此同时，我们希望增加贸易同时也产生更多的行业内

43、的反映了各国比较优势的专业化活动。在整个生产过程中最后涉及的几个不同的环节，如从事研究和开发，生产的中间投入，最终产品的投入组装，在不同的国家定位这些不同的活动可能会增加利益。装配环节通常是劳力相对密集的，因此它可能会有利于在劳动力价格很便宜的国家进行这类活动的公司。同样，劳力密集的中间投入的生产加工在低工资国家将更便宜，因此，公司把这一活动外包给外国公司是有利的，如果可能的话，在外国子公司进行这类生产。据估计，在过去几十年经合组织国家之间大约一半的贸易增长是通过这种分散生产的方式实现的。双边贸易模式和外国直接投资表明，这种生产网络通常设在地理上接近对方的国家。所谓的重力贸易分析表明，所有其他

44、条件相同的国家与邻近国家的贸易多于距离远的国家。通过对对外直接投资进行类似的分析，可以揭示同种模式：在其他条件相同的情况下，一个国家更多地投资于邻近国家。这意味着波罗的海国家和波兰的首要目标是公司的总部设在瑞典和芬兰，同时为生产流程部分寻找低工资的地点。如德国和奥地利等国可能会更容易投资在捷克共和国和匈牙利。kaminski和smarzynska（2001）提供的证据表明，更多地参与这些类型的全球生产和分销网络有助于增加波兰的外国直接投资流入量。看来可以看出瑞典和欧盟加入国之间的贸易增加将有助于技术的进一步专业化，知识密集的行业和部分部门进一步脱离劳动力密集型的产业和部分行业。瑞典的哪个地区可

45、能是受影响最严重的呢？前面提到的东扩对瑞典经济影响的报告从区域角度显示，1995年瑞典的南部和中部大量就业量是在劳动力密集型产业。尤其是，位于smaland和bergslagen的地区。该报告还认为，小区域往往比大区域更致力于劳动力密集型产业，一些小的地区过分依赖于劳动力密集型产业为当地创造就业机会造成了这种模式的形成。与此相反的是知识和研究密集型产业。这些行业通常是在比较大的地区，如主要城市斯德哥尔摩、哥德堡和大学城乌普萨拉，隆德及附近地区。另一个相关的问题是，规模不同的企业加入带来的影响是否也不相同？它能使大型企业可以更容易利用进入加入欧盟国家的市场和外包劳力密集的生产阶段的机会。中小型企

46、业受中欧和东欧的企业的竞争加剧的影响，可能会觉得更难以获得加入的好处。莱茵- westfalisches经济学院的研究所得出的结论是欧盟的中小型企业除了设在与加入国接壤的地区，其余的企业将不会受到欧盟扩张的强烈影响。很显然与其他许多国家相比，很多中东欧国家的相当大份额的人口长期接受正规教育。在这方面，这些国家具有潜在的技术密集型生产的比较优势。然而，正如前一节所表明，目前中欧和东欧国家相比南欧国家没有更多的技能优势。此外，进程的过渡加快导致最初几个加入国的就业人数急剧下降。即使就业水平已经有所恢复，失业率仍比较高。高失业率会限制工资增长，同时保持相对较低的劳动力成本。因此，在可预见的将来，增加贸易推动专业化，使中欧和东欧国家减少低技能劳动力密集的产业和部分行业，似乎不大可能。一个涉及到影响专业化的贸易一体化模式，公司的贸易一体化和产业的定位的问题。行业的特点是规模报酬递增可能有利于公司在设置地区具有良好的市场准入。这样做的理由是，如果贸易成本昂贵而公司希望获得在一个单一单位集中生产的规模经济，如果该公司的单厂设置在其面向消费者具有最佳机会的市场上，贸易的费用总额将会减少。具有良好的市场准入的区域往往是具有巨大国内市场的区域或在一个