(完整版)独立主格结构

1、英语中的独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、 副词或介词短语 构成的一种独立主格成分。 With（ without） 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）当表示人体部

2、位的词做逻辑主语时， 及物动词用现在分词， 不及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成 : 名词普通格或代词主格 + 现在分词 /过去分词 /不定式 /名词/形容词 /副词/介词短语。 1名词（或代词） + 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching

3、 TV. 注意：现在分词 being 或 having been 在独立主格结构中可以省略。 The weather（ being ） fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的 being 在下列两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在 “ There being + 名词 ”结构中， There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语） 不定式表示将来的动作。 He

4、suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3名词（或代词） + 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词 被动完成的动作 。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living cond

5、itions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4名词（或代词） + 形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 5名词（或代词） + 副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。 The meeting over, we all went

6、 home. School over, we all went home. 6名词（或代词） + 介词短语 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.He left the office, tears in eyes. 注意：在 “逻辑主语 +介词短语 ”构成的独立主格结构里， 当介词是 in 时，其前后的两个名 词均不加任何修饰成分。但 with 的复合结构 不受此限制。例如： The teacher came in, with a book in his hand. 多用作状语 三、独立主格结构的作用： 1. 表示时间 His homework

7、 done ( =After his homework was done )， Mary decided to go shopping. 2. 表示原因 There being no buses( =Because there were no buses)， we had to walk home. 3. 表示条件 Weather permitting ( =If weather permits )，well go to play basketball. 4. 表示方式或伴随He sat at the table, head down. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生， 动词-ed形式表

8、示动作已经结束， 动词 -ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried ， many things to be settled. The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. The man lay there, his hands trembling. 四、 With( without) 的复合结构的构成以及句法功能 (一)、 with / without + 宾语 + 宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况 : 1. with+ 名词 /代词 + 形容词 He doesnt like to sleep w

9、ith the windows open. = He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open. 注意：在“ with+名词/代词+形容词构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing 形式或 -ed 形式。 With his son so disappointing ， the old man felt unhappy. With his father well- known, the boy didn t want to study. 2. with+ 名词/代词+副词 The boy was walking, with his fat

10、her ahead.= The boy was walking and his father was ahead. 3. with+ 名词/代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. 4. with+ 名词 /代词 +动词过去分词 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. = When his homework was done, Peter went ou

11、t to play. 5. with+ 名词 /代词 +现在分词 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window. 6. with+ 名词 /代词+动词不定式 The little boy look

12、s sad, with so much homework to do. = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do. (二)、With (without)的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语 1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. ( 定语 ) 2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. ( 伴

13、随状语 ) 3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. =The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit. （原因状语） 4 With the signal given, the train started. = After the signal was given, the train started. （时间状语） 五、选择题 1. Everything _ into consideration, they o

14、ught to have another chance. A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking 2. An expert _ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem. A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come 3. The meeting _ over, he went to pick up his son directly A. to be B. is C. was D. being 4. - They

15、sat still in the room, _.- Why did they do like that? A. drawing the curtainsB. with the curtains drawn C. with the curtains drawingD. having the curtains drawn 5. The sun _ , they continued their way. A. has risen B. having risen C. has raised D. having raised 6. The country has already sent up thr

16、ee unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March. A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 7. Here are two volumes, the third one next month. A. comes out B. came outC. coming out D. to come out 8. With his son_ , the old man felt unhappy. A.

17、 to disappoint B. to be disappointing C. disappointing D. being disappointed 9 - Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. -Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down. A. filledB. fillingC. to fill D. being filled 10 John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _

18、 , he gladly accepted it . A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 11. _ , I had to ask for two days leave. A. Mother being ill B. Mother ill C. As mother was illD. A, B and C 12. With so many books ?_ , I couldn t go to surf the Internet. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. r

19、ead 13. The thief stood before the policeman admitting what he had done . A. with his dropping head B. dropping his head C. raising his head D. with his head down 14. Winter _ , it is time to buy warm clothes . A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on 15. The old man lay on his back a

20、t the corner of the street, his eyes _ and his hands _. A. close, trembleB. closed, trembling C. closing, tremblingD. closed, trembled 16. With nothing _ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out . A. leavingB. leave C. left D. to leave 17. It was a pity that the great writer died _ his wor

21、ks unfinished . A. for B. withC. ofD. from 18. I couldn t do my homework with that noise _ on. A. to go B. went C. going D. goes 7 19. two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weeke nd. A. Because of B. With 20. Tom came home, C. As for D. Besides A. a dog followi ng himB. a dog fol

22、lowed him C. being followed himD. a dog was followed him 独立主格结构练习 【现学现用】1 1.1 send you 100 dollars today, the restin a year. A. followsB. followedC. to followD. bei ng followed 2. All things, I think we ought to give the job to George. A. con sideredB. con sideri ngC. to con siderD. being con sidere

23、d 3. The riverin the ni ght, the cross ing was impossible. A. to riseB. roseC. havi ng rise nD. being rise n 4. More time, we should have done the job much better. A. to giveB. give C. being give nD. give n 5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather. A. permits B. permitt ing C. to permitD. permit

24、ted 6. The mon itor ill, we better put the meet ing off. A. being B. to be C. bee n D. to have bee n 7. An important lecture give n tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the ni ght. A. to be B. being C. bee n D. to have bee n 8. He was lying on the grass, his hands un der his head. A. to

25、cross B. crossedC. cross ing D. to be cross ing 9. Tomlate over and over, his boss was very disappo in ted. A. havi ng bee nB. bee nC. to beD. to being 10. Other thingsequal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. beingB. to beC. bee nD. havi ng bee n 【现学现用】2 1. A new tech nique, the yiel

26、ds as a whole in creased by 20 perce nt. A) work ing out B) havi ng worked out C) havi ng bee n worked out D)to have bee n worked out 2. All things, the pla nned trip will have to be called off. A) con sidered B) be con sidered C) con sideri ng D) havi ng con sidered 3. All flightsbecause of the sno

27、 wstorm, many passe ngers could do nothing but take the train. A) had bee n can celed B) have bee n can celed C) were can celedD) havi ng bee n can celed 4. So many directors, the board meet ing had to be put off. A) were abse nt B) bee n abse nt C) had bee n abse nt D) being abse nt 5. All the task

28、sahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. A) been fulfilled B) having been fulfilledC) were fulfilled D) had been fulfilled 6. All flightsbecause of the terribleweather, they had to go there by train. A) having been canceled C) having canceledB) had been canceled D) were canceled 7.

29、The speech, a lively discussi on started. A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) havi ng bee n delivered 8. Silver is the best con ductor of electricity, copperit closely. A)followed B) following C) to follow D)being following 9. , a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to s

30、ucceed than a man whose comma nd of Ian guage is poor. A) Other things being equal C) To be equal to other things B) Were other things equal D) Other things to be equal 10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audie neeon benches, chairs or boxes.A) having seated B) seating C) se

31、ated D) having 11. the temperature falli ng so rapidly, we could nt go on with the A) Si nee B) For C) As D) With 12. in the Un ited States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. A) being the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest city C) Once the fourth biggest city D) The

32、fourth biggest city it was 【现学现用】3 1. The meetingover, we all left the room. A. is B. to be C. being D. would be 2. European football is played in 80 countries, it the most popular world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 3. such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the ri

33、ver. A. Havi ng sufferedB. Sufferi ngC. To suffer D. Suffered 4. The fishbad, the childre n left much of it . A. tasted, un touchedB. tasti ng, un touched C. tasti ng, un touch ingD. tasted, un touch ing 5. from what you say, he ought to succeed. A. Judged B. Judgi ng C. When you judged D. Because y

34、ou judge 6. Everythinginto con siderati on, they ought to have ano ther cha nee. A. to take B. take n C. to be take nD. tak ing 7. Walter offered us a lift whe n he was leavi ng the office, but our work, we didn accept the offer. A.not being fini shedB.not havi ng fini shed C.had not bee n fini shed

35、D.was not fini shed 8. There are various kinds of metals, eachits own properties ( A.has B.had C.to haveD.havi ng 9. The old man stood un der a big tree,. A.a pipe in mouth B.with a pipe in mouth C.pipe in mouth D.pipe 10. The product ion _ steadily, the factory n eeds an ever- in creas ing supply o

36、f raw material. A.has gone up B.is going up C.havi ng gone up D.be ing gone up 独立主格结构巩固练习1 1. no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were 2. , Ill go there with you tomorrow after noon. more rapidly bee n seated experime nt. sport in the 特性). in his m

37、outh Times permitting A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. 3. , we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. Whengoodbye said 4. , we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weat

38、her D. It being a fine weather 5. , the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, from her cheeks. A.tears rolling down B.tears rolled down C.with tears rolled down D.tears rolling down 7. on, the leaves are tur

39、ning green. A.When spring coming B.Spring comingC.Spring came D.Spring being come 8. , I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window . A. opened B. open C. opening D to

40、 open 10. , the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 11. production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 12. With a lot of work , I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips. A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. , her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were c