英汉对照逻辑学术语表

1、英汉对照逻辑学术语表（部分）英文中文abductive reasoning溯因推理abstract sentence抽象语句acceptability可接受性alethic logic真势模态逻辑；真值模态逻辑；客观逻辑all所有ambiguity of term语词歧义analog类比物analogical model类比模式analogous justification类比论证analytic statement分析陈述antecedent前件anti syllogism反三段论anti-dilemma反二难推理argument by metaphor喻证法argument/demonst

2、ration论证argumentation论辩argumentative reasoning论辩推理argumentum ad baculum诉诸暴力argumentum ad hominem诉诸个人argumentum ad ignorontiam诉诸无知argumentum ad judicium诉诸感情argumentum ad misericordiam诉诸怜悯argumentum ad personam人身攻击argumentum ad populum诉诸公众argumentum ad vanitatem诉诸奉承argumentum ad verecundiam诉诸权威artific

3、icial language人工语言assignment指派attribute属性basic semantic interpretations基本语义解释being proper inclusion真包含于关系belief logic相信逻辑bivalent principle二值原则bound variable约束变元broad context广义语境bund occurrence of variable变元的约束出现bund variable约束变元case-based reasining（cbr）范例推理categorical proposition直言（性质）命题causal reas

4、oning因果推理circle in definition循环定义circuit diagram；electric电路图circulus in demonstrando循环论证classification分类collective集合体collective term集体词项common attribute共有属性common name通名compatibility相容关系complete induction完全归纳推理completeness theorem完全性定理compound concept复合概念compound proposition复合命题concept/ conception概念

5、conception； ideas观念conclusion结论conditional propositional hypothetical proposition充分条件假言命题confirmation；verification证实conjunct联言（合取）支conjunction合取/合取式conjunctive proposition联言（合取）命题connective联项consensus共识consequent后件consistency协调性construction建构content/materal of thinking思维内容（材料）context语境contradictio i

6、n adiecto自相矛盾contradiction矛盾关系contrariety反对关系conversion换位法cooperrative principle合作原则copula定义联项copula定义联项corroboration确证corroboration确证crucial evidence判决性证据crucial experiments判决性试验de dicto modality从言的模态de re modality从物的模态deductive argument/deductive proof演绎论证deductive logic演绎逻辑deductive-nomological m

7、odel定律覆盖的演绎模型defenses辩护definiendum被定义项definiens定义项definitio fit per genus proximum et differentiam specificam属加种差定义definitio； defffinitio下定义definition定义definition is too narrow定义过窄definition is too wide定义过宽definition per genus et differerntiam属加种差定义deontic logic道义逻辑derivation；entailment推导derived rul

8、e of inference导出规则description摹状词descriptive statement描述陈述designation所指dialectical reasoning辩证推理dichotomy二分法differentia种差differentia specifica种差dilemma二难推理direct argument直接论证direct refutation直接反驳disjunct选言（析取）支disjunction析取/析取式disjunctive proof method淘汰法 disjunctive proposition选言命题disproof method反证法d

9、istinctio区别distinctive attribute特有属性distribution周延性division划分domain of individuals个体域elimination proof排除法enthememe省略三段论enumerate；particularize列举epistemic logic认知逻辑equivocation混淆概念equivocation偷换概念eulers diagram欧拉图evaluative statement评价陈述example ； citing举例exclusion不相容关系（全异关系）exclusive disjunctive prop

10、osition不相容的选言命题existential proposition特称（存在）命题existential quantifier存在量词extention of term词项的外延extentional context外延语境extentional logic外延逻辑factual elements事实因素factual judgment事实判断fallacia consequentis虚假推断fallacia non causae ut causae误推原因fallacy谬误fallacy of composition合谬fallacy of division分谬false假fals

11、ification证伪/否证figures of syllogism三段论的格finding判决，裁决first-order logic一阶逻辑first-order predicate logic（一阶）谓词逻辑forbid；forbiddon禁止forbidden proposition禁止命题forecast of science科学预测form of inference推理形式form/structure of thinking思维形式（结构）formal deduction with premise有前提的形式推演formal fallacy形式谬误formal implicatio

12、n形式蕴涵formal language形式语言formal reasoning形式推理formation rule形成规则formation rules形成规则formula公式fortiori当然推论foundational rules of syllogism三段论的基本规则free occurrence of variable变元的自由出现free variable自由变元functional definition功用定义fundamentum divisionis划分的根据general term普遍词项generalization of term词项的概括generalized m

13、odal广义模态逻辑genetic definition发生定义genus属genus属概念hasty generalization轻率概括hasty generalization以偏概全hasty induction轻率归纳high-order logic高阶逻辑humes problem休谟问题hypothesis of science科学假说hypothesis of work工作假说hypothetical proposition假言命题hypothetical syllogism假言三段论hypothetico-deductive method假说-演绎法identity全同关系ig

14、noratio elenchi偷换论题；转移论题illocutionary acts语旨行为implication蕴涵/蕴涵式implicature隐涵inclusive disjunctive proposition相容的选言命题incomplete induction不完全归纳推理independent独立（关系）independent proof独立证明indirect argument间接论证indirect proof反证法indirect refutation间接反驳individual个体词individual constant个体常项individual variable个体变

15、元inductive inference归纳推理inductive justification归纳论证inductive logi inference归纳逻辑inductive method归纳方法inductive support归纳支持inductive-statistical model归纳一统计模式inference推论inference by analogy类比推理informal fallacy非形式谬误instances实例instantiation例示integration整合intention of term词项的内涵intentional context内涵语境intent

16、ional logic内涵逻辑interpretated term被解释项interpretation of science科学解释interpretative term解释项intersection交叉关系inverse implication反若则命题inverse implication反蕴涵inverse implication逆蕴涵inversion戾换法irreleveent dialectic不相干的论辩judgment判断judicial reasoning司法推理；审判推理judicial subsumption司法归类judicial syllogism司法三段论justi

17、fication正当性论证kind-term类名knowledge logic知道逻辑language语言language expression语言表达式law of contradiction矛盾律law of excluded middle排中律law of identity同一律law of sufficient reason充足理由律legal concept法律概念legal logic法律逻辑学limitation of term词项的限制locutionary acts语谓行为logic of science科学逻辑logical connective逻辑联结词main conn

18、ectives主联结词secondary connective从联结词logical constant逻辑常项logical fallacy逻辑谬误logical positivism or logical empiricism逻辑实证主义logical square逻辑方阵logical truism逻辑的真logical truism逻辑的真命题logical variable逻辑变项major term大项manner maxim方式准则many questions复杂问语many quetions复杂问语materal fallacy实质谬误material implication实质

19、蕴涵material implicational proposition实质蕴涵命题material reasoning实质推理meaning of language expression语言表达式的意义mechanical analogy机械类比membra dividentia子项meta-language元语言method of analysis分析法method of comparison比较法method of experiment实验方法method of observation观察方法method of synthesis综合法middle term中项mills methods

20、弥尔方法minor term小项minus proposition负命题modal logic模态逻辑modal proposition模态命题modality模态词mode of argument论证方式model模型modern inductive logic现代归纳逻辑modus ponendo tollens肯定否定式modus ponens肯定前件式modus tollendo ponens否定肯定式modus tollens否定后件式moods of syllogism三段论的式mothed of science科学方法must必须obligation义务mutual implic

21、ation互蕴涵narrow context狭义语境n-ary predicaten元谓词natural definition性质定义natural language自然语言necessary conditional hypothetical proposition必要条件假言命题negative term负词项nominal definition名义定义non sequitur推不出non-cognitivism不可知论non-collective term非集体词项normative logic规范逻辑normative proposition规范命题null domain空域null t

22、erm空词项object对象object language对象语言obligatory proposition必须命题obversion换质法opaque context晦暗语境open sentence开语句opposition对当关系ordering序列ostensive definition实指定义other induction其他归纳推理ought to be实然paradigm范式parallel connection并联parole/speech言语particular affirmative proposition特称肯定命题particular negative proposi

23、tion特称否定命题partition分解perloctionary acts语效行为permission允许permitted proposition允许命题petitio rincipii预期理由physical truism事实的真（物理的真）physical truism事实的真命题polytomy多分法positive term正词项possible world semantics可能世界语义学post hoc ergo propter hoc在此之后，因此之故post hoc ergo proter hoc以先后为因果pragmatic context语用语境pragmatic i

24、nference语用推理pragmatic logic语用逻辑pragmatics语用学predicate谓词；谓项predicate logic谓词逻辑premise前提presupposition预设primitive symbol初始符号probabitical inference概率归纳推理pronunciational ambiguity语音歧义proof真实性论证proper inclusion真包含关系proper name专名proposition命题propositional attitudes命题态度propositional form命题形式propositional f

25、unction命题函项propositional logic命题逻辑provable equivalence可证等价关系quanlity maxim质准则quantifier量词quantifier量项quantity maxim量准则quaternio terminorum四名词range变域ratio decidendi判决理由rationality合理性real definition实质定义reason；evidence；warrant论据reasoning推理redectio ad absurdum归谬法reduction to absurdity归谬法abduction回溯、溯因re

26、duction约简，归结reductive inference；reduction还原推理inductive strength归纳强度refutation/rebut反驳relation between species and genus属种关系relation of inference推出关系relational definition关系定义relations of among extension词项外延的关系relevant maxim关系准则rule of conjunction elimination合取消去规则rule of conjunction introduction合取引入规

27、则rule of disjunction elimination析取消去规则rule of disjunction introduction析取引入规则rule of implication elimination蕴涵消去规则rule of implication introduction蕴涵引入规则rule of inference推导规则rule of negation elimination否定消去规则rule of provable equivalence可证等价置换规则rules of definition定义规则rules of division划分的规则rules of ever

28、y figures of syllogism三段论各格的规则saltus in concludendo草率论证satisfiability可满足性scope of quantifier量词的辖域seeundum quid混淆一般和特殊self-evident princile不证自明的原则semantic consequence语义后承semantic context语义语境semantic inference语义推出关系semantic interpretation语义解释semantics语义学semiotics符号学sentence句子；语句series connection串联shut

29、 sentence闭语句sign;symbol符号significance意谓simple concept简单概念simple proposition简单命题singular proposition单称命题singular term单独词项some有的sophism诡辩soundness theorem可靠性定理species种square of opposition对当方阵statement陈述statistical inference统计归纳推理strict implication严格蕴涵subaltern opposition差等关系subcontrary opposition反对关系s

30、ubcontrary opposition下反对关系subformula子公式subject主项subproposition支命题subsumption归类sufficient and necessary conditional hypothetical proposition充要条件假言命题syllogism三段论symbol string符号串syntactic ambiguity语法歧义syntactical consequence语法后承syntactical inference语法推出关系syntax句法学syntax语形学（语法学）synthetic statement综合陈述ta

31、king the relative as absolute以相对为绝对target标的物tautological implication重言蕴涵式tautology同语反复tense logic时态逻辑term词项；项the disagreement in attitudes态度分歧the disagreement in beliefs信念分歧the joint method of agreement and difference求同求异并用法the method in searching of causal connections求因果联系的方法the method of agreement

32、求同法the method of concomitant variations共变法the method of difference求异法the method of residus剩余法the simple enumeration简单枚举归纳推理theory of speech act言语行为理论thesis；topic；claim论题thinking思维thought思想to be应然totem divisum母项traditional inductive logic传统归纳逻辑traditional term logic传统词项逻辑transitus a dicto secundum qu

33、id ad dictum simpliciter以相对为绝对transparent context显透语境transposition假言易位推理true真truth conditional semantics真值条件语义学truth function真值函数truth operation真值运算truth value真值truth-preservation保真性truth-value assignment真值指派truth-value of proposition命题的真值truth-value table真值表truth-value valuation真值赋值two-place predic

34、ate二元谓词type of thinking/form of thinking思维形态unacceptable不可接受的unary predicate/one-place predicate一元谓词universal affirmative proposition全称肯定命题universal domain全域universal negative proposition全称否定命题universal proposition全称命题universal quantifie全称量词universe of discourse论域utterence话语utterly different全异关系validity有效性validity of inference推理的有效性valuation赋值value elements价值因素value judgment价值判断varialble变项（变元）verbal definition词语定义verbal fallacy言辞