介词讲义完整版

1、,介词的分类1简单介词，是指单个的介词女口： in, on, at, on, to, with 等2.合成介词，是指两个简单介词合在一起构成的介词女口：in to, on to, without, i nside3.短语介词，是指一个或两个简单介词与一个或几个其他词类的词组合，在意义和作用上相当于一个简单介词的短语12 / 11如：in stead of 代替because of 因为accord ing to 按照，表示时间的介词in front of在的前面1. at表示具体的时间点女口： at eight oclock联想：at构成的固定短语:at first 首先at noon在中午a

2、t least 至少at p rese nt 目前at the age of在 岁时at the mome nt在目前，现在at the same time同时at school在上学at the end of在。末女口：In some wester n coun tries sho ps are closedweeke nds.2. in用于年，月，季节，上午，下午，晚上等。in March在三月in spring在春天in 2008 在 2008 年in the morni ng/afterno on /eve ning注意：in表示在某一季节或某一月份时，一般不加冠词，但季节和月份的意义

3、一旦具体化，就要加定冠词the。女口：The weather is a little in May.An earthquake happened in Sichua n in the May of 2008.In summer childre n are happy because they can swim.联想：in构成的固定短语:hand in上交in surp rise 吃惊地in search of 寻找in fact事实上in public 当众in the end最后，终于in no time立刻，马上 in a minute 立刻，马上in front of在前面in a wo

4、rd 一句话，总而言之in good health身体健康的 do well in在方面干的不错be in terested in对感兴趣in com mon共同的show great interest in对。 感兴趣in the last/past several year在过去的几年里3.表示具体的某一天或某一天的早晨，晚上等，用on。女口：In the morning I ofte n get up at six o lock butSun day mornin g, I getup at seve n.A traffic accide nt happenedn ear our sch

5、oolthe night of May 2 nd,2014.联想：on构成的固定短语:on board乘坐（车，飞机）on duty值班，值日on earth 至U底on fire着火on foot步行on hire雇佣on holiday 度假on time按时be on show 展览on the right 在右边on the other hand另一方面a book on history 一本关于历史的书on oneway to在某人去.的路上4.表示时间的 since, for, by, during, until（1）sinee （自从）后跟具体的过去时间，for后接一段时间。fo

6、r和since短语所在的句子应用现在完成时，谓语动词要用延续性动词。女口： Great cha nges have take n pl ace in my hometow n since the year 2000.We have lived in the city for about five years.by+时间点，意为“到为止”如果by后面跟的是将来的时间点，用一般将来时或将来完成时，如果by后面跟一个过去的时间点，用过去完成时。女口：I will finish eating by nine o clock.By the end of last week, we had fini sh

7、ed lear ning Un it5.during+时间段，与延续性动词连用，表示某期间的动作。如:She had trained hard during the four years to get ready for London OlympicGames.until+时间点，意为“道.为止”，句中的谓语动词若是非延续性动词，构成句型not.until直到才 如: We stayed there un til the sun set.We did ngo home un til the sun set.表示时间前后的before, afterbefore在 之前,after在.之后女口：

8、We must hand in our homework before class.After half p ast eleve n we can relax ourselves.注意：before作为介词，还可以表示“面临，面对” 女口： What should you do before so many difficulties?I had nothing to say before her.二.表示方位，地点，行为对象等的介词1.表示方位的介词in, to, onin表示包含关系，意为“在。范围内”，on表示相邻关系，接壤；to表示相隔关系。如: China isthe east of

9、Asia.Japan isthe east of China.Russia isthe north of China.2.表示“上下”等方位的介词 over, un der, above, below, on (1) over在。正上方，其反义词为 under女口： There is a football under the desk.I looked up and saw a plane flying over my head.above表示“在。上方”，非垂直关系，其反义词为below女口： The plane is flying above the clouds.(3) on在。之上，指

10、两者表面接触。其反义词也为under3.表示“前后”的介词和短语介词(1) in front of在。前面，指在范围之外的前面，和 before意义接近。如:There are some bikes in front of the teachi ng build ing.behind是in front of的反义词，意为“在。后面”in the fron t of表示在范围之内的前面，其反义词组是at the back of4. by, beside在。旁边；between在两者之间，among在三者及以上之间(1)by和beside意义相近女口： Do you know the man wh

11、o is standing by the window?Lucy sits beside me. She is my deskmate.(2) between指两者之间，也表示三者或多者中的每两者之间；among指三个或三 个以上的事物或人之间。注意：between表示两者之间，只要构成双方关系，就可以用between如:There are so many desks in the classroom that there is hardly any room to movebetwee n them.教室里有这么多张课桌，几乎没有空间从它们中间穿过。5. across, through穿过a

12、cross从表面穿过，through穿越，穿透，透过，指从物体内部穿过。the road, you must be careful.如：(1)When you go Which river runsSha nghai?(3) -I left my keys in the room yesterday. I had to get inthe wi ndow.-It dan gerous to do that.A. inC. overB. through6.表示里外的 in, in side, in to, on to, out of, outsideD. to(1) in在。之内女口： My k

13、eys are in my pocket.注意：外来物“在树上”，用in，树上结出的东西“在树上”，用on女口： There are some birdsthe tree.Autu mn comes and some red apples the apple trees come into p eoeeyes.i nside在。里面，至U。里面。反义词为 outside女口： Liste n! Some one is talki ng in a low voice in side the door.Don stay outside.(3) into至到o 00内。强调空间或状态的转换。反义词为

14、out of女口： Why not go into the house and have a look?He looked out of the wi ndow and saw some people coming back from work.注意:out of还有“脱离，失去”等意义。如:He has been out of work for long.Fish can live long out of water.7.表示“靠近”的 near, next to, aroundnear在。附近 next to在。旁边around在。周围女口：There is a park n ear ou

15、r n eighborhood.I did n remember to phone un til n ear the end of the week.The mouse is n ext to my compu ter.That p atie nt is n ext to death.The flowers and appi ause掌 声)are always around the winners.注意：around还表示“大约”，同义词：about 女口： It was around/about twelve oclock in the evening.8.表示运动方向的for, to,

16、towards(1)for常接在leave， start等动词之后，表示运动的方向或目的地。女口：Theyll leave for Beiji ng to atte nd the meet ing n ext mon th.(2)to跟在go, come, return, move等动词之后，表示目的地，它既表示运动方向,又包含运动结果。女口： When did you return to Guangzhou after the summer holiday?towards朝，向。只说明运动的方向，没有“到达”的意思女口： The teacher is coming towards the c

17、lassroom now.9.表示行为对象的to, at一般来说，at同某些动词连用，表示攻击目标，含有某种程度的恶意；to则只表示方向，并无恶意。女口：I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog.He cameme and said hello to me.A dog cameher and she was frightene受惊吓的）。10.最高级结构中表示范围的of, in同类比较时，若主语和范围一致，一般用of, of后多为数词或可数名词复数；将某人/某物置于集体或环境中进行比较时,用in, in后一般是可数名词的单数。the

18、three sisters.the class.女口： She is the most beautiful girlTom is the tallest boy四. 表示“除。之外”的介词.besides除。之外还女口：Five others were late besides me.There will be five of us for dinner, besides Joh n.2.but, except除。之外。but常与否定词连用女口： No one but we knows about the n ews.He has few frie nds exce pt you in thi

19、s school.He has few frie nds exce pt you in this school.They all went to slee p exce pt me.3.except for表示从整体中排除，除。之外，前后不是一类事物。女口：The care is really won derful exce pt for its p rice.The compo siti on is quite good exce pt for a few sp elli ng mistakes.五. 表示方式，手段或工具的介词1. by, in, on表交通方式 by bike=on a

20、bike, by car=in a car女口： Do you usually come to school by bike?2. by, in with表示手段或工具(1) by表示用某种方式或手段。名此前不加冠词。女口： This P air of shoes is made by hand.The old man had to make money by selli ng vegetables.(2)in表示使用某种语言，用墨水，颜色，颜料等。名此前不加冠词。女口：Can you say it in En glish?Please write it in ink, not in pen

21、cil.(3) with后跟具体的工具女口：People here build houses with stones.I like to write with a ball pen.拓展：with常用来表示伴随，意为“有，带有”，其反义词为without 女口： This is a house with a garden.Fish canIive without water.六. 引出动词不定式逻辑主语的介词。1. 一般情况下用 for sb. to do sth女口： It necessary for us to learn English.It difficult for childre

22、n to read such a book.2.表示品质，性格，特征的形容词后用of sb. to do sth.,这类句型中动词不定式的逻辑主语和形容词构成主系表结构。女口： It foolish of him to make such a decisi on.It kind of you to give me so much help.七. 其它介词的用法如:He works1. as作为，as for至于 stude nts we should work hard.a teacher in this school.him, I know no thi ng.2. thanks to 同

23、because of 意为“因为，由于” 女口： Thanks to your help, I am good at my lessons.Because of the weather, we have to put off the sports meet.八. 介词的省略1. in的省略 be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难(in) this/that way以这种/那种方法 spend.(in) doing sth.花费。做某事 have a good time (in) doin

24、g sth .做某事很高兴 waste. (in) doing浪费。做某事Theres no use/good (in) doing sth做某事有用 /没有好处 2. for的省略fo叶时间段里的for,在口语中可以省略，尤其是在肯定句中。但是在否定句中或在句首一般不可以省略。女口： The rain lasted (for) a whole after noon.He has bee n wait ing (for) three hours.We haventsee n each other for a long time.For a whole mon th, there is no r

25、ain.九. 常用介词短语1.常与with连用的短语 do with处置，对付 go on with 继续。agree with 同意。 be busy with 忙于kee p/catch up with 跟上fill.with.用。装满。be familiar with.熟悉。be popular with.受。欢迎be angry with sb生某人的气 cover.with.用。覆盖。help.with.在。方面帮助。get on well with 与。相处的好 be strict with sb.对某人要求严格 be pleased with st对某人感到满意2.常与at连用的短语look at 看knock at 敲at last最后 at once立刻 laugh at嘲笑。shoot at朝。射击 work at致力于。be good at擅长。be weak at不擅长。arrive at到达某地（小地方） be amazed a对。 感至U吃惊3.常与on连用的短语 get on上车 turn on打开 try on试穿 put on穿上 c