Step-By-Step-3000-第二册--Unit5-答案

1、Step-By-Step-3000-第二册 -Unit5-答案Unit 5 Creative MindsPart I-AGasoli ne automobile, Germa n, engin eer, 1885Barometer, Italian, physicist & mathematician, 1643 Polaroid camera, America, inven tor & in dustrialist, 1947Pen dulum clock,Dutch, mathematicia n & physicistDiesel engine, Germa n, engin eer,

2、1892Dyn amite, Swedish, chemist, 1866Kaleidoscope, British, physicist & n atural philosopher, 1817 Piano, Italian, harpsichord maker, 1709Sewi ng mach ine, America n, inven tor, 1846Typewriter, America n, inven tor, 1867Tapescript:1. The gasoli ne automobile was inven ted by Gottlieb Daimler, the Ge

3、rma n engin eer, i n 1885 His con struct ion of the first high-speed in ternal-combustio n engine led to the development of the automobile industry.2. The barometer, the instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure, was inven ted by Eva ngelista Torricelli, the Italia n physicist and mathematicia n

4、, in 1643.3. The polarod camera, which takes and prints photos in one step, was inven ted in 1947 by the America n inven tor and in dustrialist Edw in Herbert Land.4. The pen dulum clock was inven ted by the Dutch mathematicia n and physicist Christiaan Huygens in 1657.5. The diesel engine, which is

5、 heavier and more powerful than the gasoline engine and which bur ns fuel of oil in stead of gasoli ne, was n amed after its inven tor Rudolph Diesel, the Germa n engin eer in 1892.6. Dyn amite, the improved explosives with great safety, was inven ted in 1866 by the Swedish chemist Alfred Bern hard

6、Nobel. He established a fund to provide annual awards called Nobel Prizes, in the sciences, literature, and the promotionof intern ati onal peace.7. He kaleidoscope was inven ted in 1817 by Sir David Brewster, the Scottish physicist and n atural philosoper.the8. The pia no, a key-board musical in st

7、rume nt, was inven ted in 1709 by Italia n harpsichord maker, Bartolomeo Cristofori.was9. The sewing machine, which greatly revolutionized clothes-making, inven ted by Elias Howe, an America n inven tor in 1846.the10. The typewriter, its first practical commercial model, was inven ted in 1867 by the

8、 America n inven tor Christopher Sholes and was manu factured by America n gun smith Philo Remi nton 1874.Part I -B1- a 2-d6-j7-g8-bTape script1. People in England made the first computer. It was built in 1943. It was madeto help En gla nd un dersta nd secret messages duri ng World War II.2. Some on

9、e in Australia inven ted the fax mach ine. After the fax machi ne was inven ted, it first became popular in East Asia.3. Fold ing fans came from Japa n. They were inven ted in Japa n almost 800 years ago.4. The first car came from Germa ny .It was inven ted by Karl Benz in 1885. Benz is still famous

10、. His name is on the Mercedes-Benz car.5. A man in Can ada inven ted the chocolate bar. He lived in Nova Scotia- in the easter n part of Can ada. He inven ted the chocolate bar in 1800s.6. The first really accurate cale ndar was inven ted in Mexico. This cale ndar was made about 1,500 years ago. Tha

11、ts whe n people lear ned that the year was 365 days long.7. The first mecha ni cal clock was inven ted in Chin a. It was inven ted in the year 725-over1,250 years ago.8. People think Africa ns created the first puppets. Actually, no one is sure, but puppets were probably created to help tell stories

12、.Part I -C paper clips post-its celluar phone automatic wash ing mach ines disposable diapers zippersBan d-Aids soft con tact le nses-1901-1980-1973-1930s-1961-1913-1921-1961Tape script1. The design of paper clips is perfect. Theres been little improvement since Norwegia n Joha n Vaaler got his Amer

13、ica n pate nt in 1901. Only about 20% are actually used to clip papers.2. Post-it is one of the top five best-selling office suppliers. To make Post-its introduced in 1980, 3M had to develop the adhesive, primer, back-side coating and new manu facturi ng equipme nt.3. The first cellular phone was de

14、veloped in 1973 by Martin Cooper at Motorola, and a test of 1,000 such phones followed in Chicago. The Federa Communi catio n Commissio n authorized cellular service in 1982, and we have nt shut up sin ce. More tha n a third of all households in the U.S subscribe.4. Among those credited with making

15、electric washing machines was Alva J. Fisher. The machines used wringers to remove water from clothes. Truly automatic mach ines appeared in the 1930s. An early ad for a GE washer read,If every father did the family washi ng n ext Mon day, there would be an electric wash ing mach ine in every home b

16、y Saturday ni ght.5. Oh, baby, what a convenience1 Procter & Bambles Pampers, born in 1961, were first used on ly for special occasi ons. Now the 95% of America n pare nts who buy disposable diapers will spe nd up to $2,100 a child to avoid wash ing diapers.6. Zippers were inven ted in 1913 by Swedi

17、sh immigra nt Gide on Sun dback at Universal Fastener Co. in Pennsylvania. B.F. Goodrich first used the word to refer to a fastener on a pair of its galoshes; it as not used in clothes until 1930s.By 1941 zippers beat the pants off buttons in the Battle of the Fly.7. Johnson&Johnson sold $3,000 wort

18、h of handmade Band-Aids in 1921, the year it in troduced them. A compa ny cotton buyer, Earle Dicks on, had created them at home for his accident-prone wife. He then convinced his boss that the strips had merit.8. Otto Wichterle, a Czech scie ntist, created the first soft con tact lens in 1961. Baus

19、ch & Lomb bought the right s to his process for a reported $3 million in 1966.Part II - A1395, type, movable typePola nd, astr onomy, the sun, its cen ter once1564, telescope, circli ngEn gla nd,moves1642, calculus, light and color, gravitation.Part II- B1. Printing / faster / easier2. Earth / cen t

20、er of uni verse/ no move3. Cut open dead animals and humans4. Blood to body/ arteries; blood to heart / veins5. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy / in 1687Tape ScriptToday, we tell about the discoveries of ten importa nt scie ntists of the past 1,000 years.The earliest of these impor

21、ta nt scie ntists wasJoha nnes Gute nberg. He lived inGerma ny from about 1395 un til about 1468. Joha nnesGute nberg inven ted thetype mould and the first successful system of movable type used in Europe. This made printing books faster and easier. Johannes and others used his invention to produce

22、books in the City of Mainz duri ng the 1400s. The system he inven ted rema ined un cha nged for 350 years.Nicolaus Copernicus was another important scientist. He is considered the foun der of the moder n scie nee of astr onomy, the study of the pla nets and stars in the uni verse. Nicoluas Coperni c

23、us was born in Pola nd in 1473. At that time, most scie ntists accepted the idea that the earth was at the cen ter of the uni verse and did not move. The Greek astro no mer Ptolemy had developed this idea more tha n 1,000 years earlier. Ptolemy also said that all the other objects in space moved aro

24、und the earth. Copernicus believed that every planet, including the earth, moved around the sun. He also believed these theories in 1543. These theories were not accepted in his lifetime. But by the early 1600s, other scientists began to develop the method that would prove Coper ni cus correct.One o

25、f these scientists was Galileo Galilei. He was born in Italy in 1564. Galileo was the first to use the telescope to discovernew in formatio n about the pla netand stars. He decided that the theory hat all pla nets circled the sun was correct. The Roman Catholic Church condemned Galileo for saying Co

26、pernicus was right. For centuries, the Church had taught that the sun, the planets and the stars moved around the earth. Three hun dred and fifty passed before the Roma n Catholic Church admitted officially that it was wrong and withdrew its condemn ati on of Galileo.Our fourth scientist of the mill

27、ennium is William Harvey. He was born in England in 1578. He discovered how blood moves in animals and people. Dr Harvey described this in 1628 in the book An An atomical Study of the Moti on of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals, This work was the start of all modern research on the hart and blo

28、od vessels. Dr Harvey based his discoveries on observations and by cutting open dead animals and humans. Dr Harveys experime nts showed that the heart forces blood through the arteries to the body.He showed that the blood returns to the heart through the veins. His idea conflicted with the widely ac

29、cepted ideas of the time. It has been called one of the most important medical discoveries of the millennium.Isaac Newt on was ano ther in flue ntial scie ntists of the past 1,000 year. Many experts say he was the most important scientist of them all. He was born in En gla nd in 1642. Isaas Newt on

30、inven ted a new ki nd of mathematics called calculus. He discovered the secrets of light and color and his theory of gravitati on showed how the uni verse is held together. Isaac Newt on published his discoveries on the laws of motion and the theory of gravitation in 1687 in his book The Mathematica

31、l Prin ciples of Natural Philosophy. It was the first book to describe a unified system of scientific rules explaining what happens on earth and in the uni verse. It is con sidered one of the greatest works in the history of scie nee.Part III - A1809, evolutionFran ce,a. Pasteurizati on, b. Germ, c.

32、vacci natio n, disease1847, a.motio n, b. recordi ng, c. electric light, d. Teleph one, e. Machi ne, electricity, f.motorsAustria, a. Dreams, uncon scious self, b. Moder n psychiatry. C.sexual developme nt1879, relativity, E=mc2Part III - BT. 1. Charles Darwin thought that all living things develope

33、d from simple orga ni sms.F. 2. Darwin ss ideas were stron gly opposed by many religious people in the past. But now people are all in favor of them.T. 3. Louis Pasteur believed that it is tiny organisms that spread more diseases T. 4. Thomas Edis on con sidered the moti on pictures his most importa

34、 nt inven tio n.T. 5. Albert Einsteins most famous theory is about time, space, mass, movement and gravity.T. 6. Albert Einsteins most famous theory led to the discovery of atomic energy.Tape scriptCharles Darwin was another important scientist of the past 1,000 years. He was born in En gla nd in 18

35、09. In 1859, he published a book called On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. He explained his ideas that all living things developed from simple organisms. He said these organisms changed during millions of years to produce different kinds of plants and animals, including humans.

36、This is known as the theory of evolution. Charles Darwins studies showed that some animals and plants have natural abilities that help them survive. They pass these abilities to their young when they reproduce. Other plants and animals that are less able to survive and reproduce may disappear. Charl

37、es Darwins theories provided new ideas about the developme nts of living things. However, they shocked many religious people. Many people today still strongly oppose the theory of evolution because it conflicts with their religious beliefs.Our next important scientist of the past 1,000 years is Loui

38、s Pasteur. His discoveries saved many lives. Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in France. He became a professor of chemistry. He discovered that heat could kill harmful microorganism. Soon this Pasteurization method was used to keep many foods and drinks safe. He also helped us establish the germ theor

39、y whe n he recog ni zed that most diseases are spread by tiny organisms that reproduce in the body. Louis Pasteur also proved that an ani mal can develop a resista nee to a harmful orga nism if the orga nism is weeke nd in a laboratory and injected in to the animals body. He called this method of pr

40、eventing disease vaccination. He developed vacci nes to preve nt deadly diseases in ani mals and people.The inven tor Thomas Edis on was ano ther in flue ntial scie ntist. He was born in the Un ited States in 1847. His work made possible the progress of tech no logy in the 20th cen tury. Almost ever

41、y one has bee n affected by the inven ti ons of Thomas Edis on. These in clude the moti on pictures, sound recordi ng, and electric light. They are only three of the many devices Thomas Edis on inven ted or helped to improve. H e also inven ted devices to improve the teleph one. He improved machines

42、 that produced electricity. And he worked on many electric motors, in clud ing those for trains. Thomas Edis on once said the electric light was the most difficult to develop. He also called it his most important invention.Our next scientist of the millennium is the Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud. He

43、 changed scientific ideas about the mind. Dr Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia. He established the idea that dreams help us un dersta nd our uncon scious self. He said this is the part of the mind containing wishes, desires, or bad experie nces too frighte ning to recog ni ze. Sigm und Freuds work on the causes and treatme nt of men tal sick