非谓语动词与独立主格结构[教育材料]

1、非谓语动词与独立主格结构非谓语动词分为三类：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）和分词（participle）。其特点是：1不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为非谓语动词的原因。2它们具有各种形态：一般式、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。3不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。4分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语，但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语人称和数的限制。一不定式（一） 形式 语态时态主动形式被动形

2、式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing 完成进行式to have been doing 1.完成式 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)He is

3、said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.2.进行式 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively. 3.完成进行式 在谓语所表示

4、的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.4.被动式当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.【例】Sir Deni

5、s, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation.A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left结合选项来看，全句的意思：“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家。收藏品是被留给国家”，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D) is to be left。（二）句法功能1.不定式作主语【例】It is not unusual for workers in that region _.A) to be paid mor

6、e than a month later B) to be paid later than more a month C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a monthit 在句中作形式主语。 而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”，答案是A)。2.不定式做宾语大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。如：We are planning to build a reservoir here.【例】There is

7、a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A) making B) to makeC) to have made D) having made动词mean在本句中的意思是“打算”，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B) to make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是“表示的意思、意味着”，所以选项A 和 D错误。3. 不定式做补足语补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。（1）不定式做主语补足语【例】The ancient Egyptians are supposed _ r

8、ockets to the moon.A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending在本句中，句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式， 因而答案是C)。在本句中，该不定式完成式to have sent作主语补足语。（2）不定式做宾语补足语这样的动词有：advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve,

9、 direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon

10、, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。这样的短语有：call on（请求）, care for（关心）, count on（依靠，指望）, depend on（依赖、依靠）, keep on at（困扰，追问）, long for（渴望）, make out（分辨）, vote for（选举）, prevail on（说服）, rely on（信赖）, wait for（等待）。【例】They are going to have the serviceman _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A

11、) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed全句的意思是：“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇”。have sb. do sth.句型的主动语态，因此，have 后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以答案是A) install。4.不定式作表语One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.5.不定式做定语不定式做定语时，不定式修饰中心词或者不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰中心词（下面例1）。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的。要

12、特别注意如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive（动力）, effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right（权利）, struggle, tendency,

13、 wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。 这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容，解释前面中心名词（例2）在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。【例1】Could you find someone_？A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。【例2】The pressu

14、re _causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A) to compete C) to be competed B) competing D) having competed结合选项看，全句的意思是：“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明pressure的内容。6.不定式作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。They stood by the roadside to talk

15、about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的) His family was too poor to support him他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果) We are glad to hear the news我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) （三）动词不定式不带to的情形1. 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everythi

16、ng.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.2. 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.3. 在介词except, b

17、ut 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.4. 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to；出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to。Rather than push the book bac

18、k as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.5.用作表语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

19、What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.(四)不定式的其他用法1. tooto 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:H

20、es only too pleased to help her.2.不定式的逻辑主语如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naug

21、hty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 二动名词动名词，顾名思义，具有双重作用：它既有动词的作用（后面可加自己的宾语），又有名词的作用（可以做句子的主语、宾语等）。（一）形式时态性 语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1.一般式Working in these conditions is no

22、t a pleasure but a suffer.2. 完成式 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名的完成形式.He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere.3.被动式 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动

23、形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldnt bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.4. 完成被动式

24、 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.5.动名词的否定形式 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词【例】She apologized for _ the party.A. not her being able to attendB. her not being able to attendC. her being able not to attendD. h

25、er being not able to attendnot + doing的动名词否定形式，her为该动名词的逻辑主语。因此，正确答案选B。（二）句法功能1.作主语:Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。I

26、t is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。2.作宾语（1）及物动词的宾语 You mustnt delay sending the tractors over.（2）介词的宾语凡是动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组，都要求接动名词做宾语，因为所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。【例】He gives people the impression _ all his life abroad.A) of having spend B) to hav

27、e spent C) of being spent D) to spent全句的意思是“他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过”。这是名词介词动名词（短语）的形式。答案是A。 3.作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.（三）动名词的复合结构（重要考点）前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Do you mind my rea

28、ding your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.I dont mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.【例1】_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.A) The girl was educated B) The girl educatedC) The girls b

29、eing educated D) The girl to be educated全句意思是：让孩子在简朴的生活环境中接受教育中她父母所希望的。答案是C。【例2】Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used _ late for his lecture.A) to have students B) for students being C) for students to be D) to students being句意：尽管教授很准时，但他对学生迟到已经习惯了。答案是D。当这一结构不处于句首时，逻辑主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾

30、语更自然些。（四）只能接动名词的动词、词组、习惯搭配、句型1.后接动名词的动词有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。这些动词是：acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, cant help, cease, commence, complete, confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure, enjoy, envy,

31、escape, excuse, fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, quit, recall, repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等。【例1】Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A) having been fined B) to have been fined C)

32、to be fined D) being fined动词escape后接动名词，不能接不定式，所以先排除了B和C。fine“罚款”是及物动词、要用被动语态；而且，句子讲的是经常性动作，应当用一般时态，因此，答案是D。【例2】People appreciate- with him because he has a good sense of humor.A) to work B) to have worked C) working D) having worked全句的意思是：因为他很有幽默感，所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。根据句意，动名词动作与句子谓语动作并无时间上的先后，必须用动名词一般时态。答

33、案是C。2.后接动名词的词组（1）动名词作介词宾语常用在某些含有介词的词组后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, suspectof, accuseof, chargewith, hear of, approve of, preventfrom, keepfrom, stopfrom, refrain from, be engaged in, depend on, thankfor, feel like, excusefor, aim at, set about等.（2）特别注意：某些充当介词的to的动词词组、名词词组、形容词词

34、组等后接动名词approach to（方法），admit to（承认）， contribute to（起作用），confess to（承认），resort to（求助于），reconcile to（顺从于），revert to（重新开始），submit to（忍受），swear to（断言），take to （开始从事），be used to（习惯于），look forward to（盼望），oppose to （反对），see to(负责，注意)，devoteto(把献给，投入于)等中的to都是介词而不是不定式符号。【例1】The match was cancelled because mo

35、st of the members _ a match without a standard court.A) objected to having B) were objected to have C) objected to have D) were objected to havingobject在这里是不及物动词，后面的to是介词，在接名词或动名词做宾语。因此，答案是A。【例2】The traditional approach _with complex problem is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed pr

36、oblems.A) to dealing B) in dealing C) dealing D) to deal解决复杂问题的传统方法是把他们分解为更小的、更容易处理的问题。答案是A。3.习惯搭配be busy doing sth., be no good doing sth., spend some time/money doing sth., have difficulty (in) doing sth., have a hard time (in) doing sth., have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth，cant help, cant s

37、tand, give up, feel like, put off都是惯用搭配，其后动名词不能换成to不定式。【例】Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _ for her examination.A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared结合选项来看，全句的意思是：“琼做完没有时间去听音乐会，因为她忙于准备考试。”，所以答案是D) being prepared。4. 句型1）满足句型“it is +

38、名词或形容词+动名词”和句型“动词+ it +形容词或名词+动名词”的形容词和名词有：good, no good, nuisance, no use, senseless, use, useless, waste, worthwhile。例：Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project?（你认为向该项目大量投资值得吗？）2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名词+doing st

39、h. It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is a great fun playing football打篮球很有趣。 3) It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth It is nice seeing you again真高兴又遇到了你。 It is good playing chess after supper晚饭后弈棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car开这种小车是浪费。（五）既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词1. 有时两种结构之间意义

40、差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思。try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着 go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情） propose to do 打算（要做某事） proposing doing建议（做某事）【例】If I had remembered _ the window, the thief would not have got in.A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having

41、 closed本句的意思是：我要是记得把窗子关起来的话，小偷就进不来了。remember后接动名词表示记得过去曾做过某事，接不定式则表示记得要做某事。本句说的是：记得把窗子关起来。因此A）to close是答案。有些考生误选了C) to have closed。注意remember后面不能用动词不定式的完成式。2dislike, dread, hate, like, love, prefer这些词加动名词时，表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物；加不定式时，表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。prefer的用法稍微复杂一点，它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定结

42、构或习惯用法决定的。常见的结构是：would prefer + to do（更想做某事）; prefer doing A to doing B（比起做B来说，更喜欢做A。特别注意：这里的比较使用的不是than，而是to）。【例】Mr. Johnson preferred _ heavier work to do.A) to be given B) to be giving C) to have given D) having given 全句意思应是：“约翰逊先生宁可有（被给予）更重的活干”。可见，答案是A) to be given。（六）deserve, need, require, wan

43、t这几个词的共同特点是：它们后面既可加不定式，也可加动名词，意义相同。但是，表示被动时，动名词依然使用主动形式，不定式则变成被动形式。其中，这几个词后面加动名词的形式是常考项目之一。【例】Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A) cutB) to cut C) cutting D) being cut本题的want等于need，是一种口语习惯用法，后面接动名词主动形式表被动。因此，本题答案是C) cutting。三. 分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词（present participle & past participle）两

44、种形式。（一）分词形式1. 现在分词形式现在分词可分为一般式和完成式两种；在语态上可分为主动语态和被动语态。时态 语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1）一般式在时间上表示一个正在进行；或与谓语动词同时发生或存在的动作和状态The boy singing in the hall is one of the top singers from the university.Hearing the news, he jumped.2）完成式分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been

45、 there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.Having been criticized by the teacher, he decided to study hard. 3）被动式现在分词的被动式（进行的被动）可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.Youll find the to

46、pic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers. 4）完成被动式现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?The decision h

47、aving been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2.过去分词形式过去分词只有一种形式，即：done形式。它表示一个被动、或完成、或完成与被动的动作。The fallen leaves means the autumns coming.（完成）The building built last year is our library.（完成、被动

48、）3.分词的否定形式 not+分词Not having received his letter, he decided to call him.Not knowing his address, she cannot get in touch with him.（二）句法功能1 分词结构作定语 分词作定语时有下面特点：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意；现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 1）现在分词作定语He rushed into the burning house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 The child standing over there is

49、 my brother站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房间是我们的教室。【例】As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supported schools must be established in every town _ 50 households or more.A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had 答案是A。 2）过去分词作定语distinguished guest 贵宾, unk

50、nown heroes 无名英雄, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区。来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,在此情形下仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义。如：the risen sun, fallen leaves, retired workers, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors 用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于一个定语从句。 Most of the peop

51、le invited to the reception（=who were invited to the reception） were old friends. 【例】If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected结合选项来看，全句的意思是：“如果我去更正别人的看法，我会尽可能用幽默和自我克制的态度去做，就象

52、是我被别人更正一样”。这里，要求填入一个表示“正在被人更正”的意思的选项，答案是D)。（注意：分词短语做后置定语的情况，在阅读理解的文章中随处可见，考生要在掌握该语法理论的同时，活学活用、运用自如，快速理解阅读中的复杂句子。）2. 分词结构作宾语补足语1）现在分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, h

53、ear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 既可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用省略to的不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.2）过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有以下几种情形。第一种情形：see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.第二种情形：make, get

54、, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.第三种情形：like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词:I dont want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.He wont like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.3.分词作表语 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词

55、做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。这类词常见的有： amazing, amazed, amusing, amused, convincing, confusing, confused, disappointing, disappointed, encouraging

56、, encouraged, exciting, excited, contented, inviting, missing, misunderstanding, inexperienced等。这些词源自动词，这些分词没有严格意义上的被动、静态、动态、已完成或正在进行这样的含义。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 4.分词结构作状语 1）现在分词、过去分词作状语的区别现在分词作状语表示主动，过去分词（短语）作状语表示被动，要注意这两者的区别。现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 He went out shutting the door behind him. Not kn