职称英语理工A新增

1、2009 年职称英语理工类A 级教材新增部分内容(包括 BC 内容 )第二部分阅读判断（两篇）第十二篇Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean QuakeScientists have found evidence that an overlooked fault in the eastern Mediterranean1 is likely to produce an earthquake and tsunami every 800 years as powerful as the one that destroyed Alexandria2 in AD 3

2、 365.Using radiocarbon dating techniques, simulations and computer models, the researchers recreated the ancient disaster in order to identify the responsible fault. Weare saying there is probably a repeat time of 800 years for this kind of1earthquake, said Ms Beth Shaw, an earthquake scientist at t

3、he University of Cambridge, who led the study. Scientists study past earthquakes in order to determine the future possibility of similar large shocks.Identifying the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami is important for the tens of millions of people in the region, Ms. Shaw said. The fault cl

4、ose to the southwest coast of Crete4 last produced a big enough quake to generate a tsunami about 1300, which means the next powerful one could come in the next 100 years, she added in a telephone interview.Ms. Shaw and her colleagues calculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either

5、side of the fault to find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion, she said. Their computer model suggested an 8 magnitude quake on the fault would produce a tsunami that floods the coastal regions of Alexandria and North Africa, the southern coast of

6、 Greece5 and Sicily 6 all the way up the Adriati 7 to Dubrovnik 8. This would be similar to the ancient quake in AD 365 that caused widespread destruction in much of Greece2and unleashed a tsunami that flooded Alexandria and the Nile Delta 9, likely killing tens of thousands of people, she said.词汇：f

7、ault n. 断层interval n. 间隔tsunami n. 海啸magnitude n. 等级radiocarbon n. 放射性碳destruction n. 破坏，毁灭simulation n. 模拟unleash v. 放出，释放注释 :1. the eastern Mediterranean: 地中海东部2. Alexandria: 阿里山大 埃及北部港市 3. AD: 公元后 (AD 是拉丁文 Anno Domini 首字母的所写 )4. Crete: 希腊 克里特岛5. Greece: 希腊36. Sicily: 意大利 西西里岛7. Adriati: 亚得利亚海8. D

8、ubrovnik: 杜布罗夫尼克 克罗地亚港市 9. Nile Delta: 尼鲁河三角洲 埃及 练习 :1.The fault, which was overlooked before, has been closely studied by scientists.ARight.BWrongCNot mentioned2.It is fun to identify the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3.Radiocarbon dating techniques can be us

9、ed to identify the age of the earth.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4. Scientists predict that the next powerful earthquake in the eastern Mediterranean may take place some time before 2100.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned45. Ms. Shaw has her colleagues help her in the study of earthquake prediction.ARightBWron

10、gCNot mentioned6, Ms. Shaw measured the movement of either side of the fault to identify the magnitude of theearthquake taking place in AD 365.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7. The earthquake prediction devices developed by Ms. Shaw are being widely used in the world.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案与题解：1A 文章

11、的主题是，以往科学家忽视了地中海断层的存在。现在地震学家对地中海断层进行研究，并认定断层的运动造成公元365 年的地震和海啸，以及推算出地震和海啸发生的周期。所以，本句表达的意思是对的。2B 文章第三段说到，“认定断层造成了公元365 年的地震和海啸，这一认5定对该地区的几千万人来说是重要的 ”。把这项研究说成是有趣的与原文“重要 ”的意思有很大的不同，所以是错误的。3C 全文没有一处提到radiocarbon dating techniques 可用来确定地球的年龄。4A Shaw 女士和她的研究组认定，地中海东部的断层的移动每800 年左右会引发一次超强地震和海啸。前两次发生的时间分别是3

12、65 年和 l300 年左右。根据这一推断，在未来l00 年中，会发生一次超强地震和海啸。第三段对此有说明。5A 这句表达的意思与原文相符。 原句见第四段第一句： “Ms Shaw and her colleaguescalculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to gauge how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion 。 ”6B Shaw

13、 女士和她的研究组测量过 the motion of either side of the fault ，但目的不是为了 identify the magnitude of the earthquake taking place in AD 365 ，而是为了 find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to6account for that level of motion 。7C 纵观全文，文章中没有一句提到 Shaw 女士发明过地震预测装置，更没有谈及这种装置在全世界得到广泛应用这一点。第十二篇科学家研究预测地中海地区

14、大地震公元 365 年，东部地中海地区发生特大地震和海啸，摧毁了亚历山大市，科学家们已经找到了证据证明：那里存在的一直被人忽视的断层，每隔800年就有可能就引发一次强地震和海啸。通过运用放射性碳素技术和计算机仿真模型，研究者们重建了古代那场灾难，以便证实是断层引发了地震。 “我们认为每 800 年就会出现一次这种类型的地震。”负责此项研究的剑桥大学地震学家贝丝肖恩女士说道。科学家们研究以往的地震，为的是确定未来出现同种大地震的可能性。肖恩女士说：对于地中海地区上千万的居民来说，确定是断层引发了公7元 365 年地震和海啸非常重要。她在一次电话访问中进而补充说：克里特岛西南海岸附近的断层最后一次

15、引发足以引起海啸的大地震是在公元1300 年左右，这就意味着下一次强地震将在未来的l00 年中出现。肖恩女士说，她和她的同事测量了断层两侧的震动强度，并确定大规模地震多久发生一次才会引起这样的震动强度，从而推算出地震产生的大致间隔时间。根据其计算机仿真模型显示，如果断层产生8 级的震动，那么它引发的海啸就会淹没亚历山大市和北非的沿海地区、希腊和西西里岛的南部海岸、以及从亚得里亚海到杜布罗夫尼克的广大地区。这个近似于公元365 年摧毁大部分希腊地区的地震，当时地震引发的海啸吞噬了亚历山大市和尼罗河三角洲，造成了上千万人死亡。第十五篇Image Martian Dust Particles8NAS

16、As Phoenix Mars Lander 1 has taken its first-ever picture of a single particle of rusty Martian dust with one of its microscopes. The dust particles of dust were shown at a higher magnification than anything outside of Earth that has been imaged before. The rounded particle measured only about one m

17、icrometer, or one millionth of a meter, across.Taking this image required the highest resolution microscope operated off Earth2 and a specially designed device to hold the Martian dust, said Tom Pike, a Phoenix science team member from Imperial College London 3. We always knew it was going to be tec

18、hnically very challenging to image particles this small 4.The device that imaged the dust speck is called an atomic force microscope, which maps the shape of particles in three dimensions by scanning them with a sharp tip at the end of a spring. The atomic force microscope can detail the shapes of p

19、articles as small as about 100 nanometers. And this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image 5. After this first success, were now working on9building up a portrait gallery 6 of the dust on Mars, Pike said.Dust exists everywhere on Mars, coating the surface and giving it its rusty red

20、color. Dust particles also color the Martian sky pink and feed storms that regularly envelope the planet. The ultra-fine 7 dust is the medium that actively links gases in the Martian atmosphere to processes in Martian soil, so it is critically important to understanding Mars environment 8, the resea

21、rchers said.The $420-million Phoenix mission is analyzing the dust and subsurface ice layers of Mars arctic regions to look for signs of potential past habitability. The particle seen in the atomic force microscope image was part of a sample scooped by the robotic arm from the Snow White trench and

22、delivered to Phoenixs microscope station in early July.词汇 :image v. 绘 的 像scan v. 描magnification n.放大subsurface adj. 地面下的10micrometer n. 微米habitability n.居住性resolutionn. 分辨率，清晰度scoop v. 挖map v. 制 的地 trench n. 沟注 :1. NASAs Phoenix Mars Lander: 美国国家航空航天局的 凰号火星登 器2. off earth : 地球之外3. Imperial College L

23、ondon : 敦帝国学院4. image particles this small: 描 如此之小的微粒。 image particles this small 是口 的 法，其意思是 image such small particles image particles which are so small。5. And this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image: 不会是 凰号 描 像的最后的 粒。本句的言外之意是：科学家将会收集更多的火星微粒 行 描。6. portrait gallery: ( 火星 粒 ) 像

24、 列 117. ultra-fine : 超小的8. it is critically important to understanding Mars environment: 火星尘粒对于了解火星环境是极端重要的。 it 指代上一句的 dust，而 to 是介词，所以后接动名词 understanding。练习 :1. The dust particle on Mars is the smallest particle that has been imaged outsideof Earth.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned2. Using the same

25、technology, we have also measured the size of particles on the moon and Jupiter.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned3. Scientists use the highest resolution microscope to watch and record the image of Martian particles on earth.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned124. Tom Pike said that they used to think i

26、t was no easy job to image such small particles.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned5. An electronic device has been developed to measure the weight of certainMartian rocks.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned6. After collecting the last Martian dust particle, the scientists have started to buildup a portra

27、it gallery of it.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned7. The Phoenixs robotic arm collected the Martian dust particles for analysis on Mars.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned答案与解析 :1A第一段说， NASA 的凤凰号火星登陆器用它的显微镜观测地球外长度13只有百万分之一米的微粒。本 的表述与第一段的意思吻合。2C通篇文章都没有提到科学家用同 的技 量月球和水星上的微粒。3B 第一段只是 ， NASA 的 凰号火星登 器用它的 微

28、察地球外，而不是地球上 度只有百万分之一的火星微粒，所以本 的表述是 的。4. ATom Pike ， “ Wealways knew it was going to be technically verychallenging to image particles this small. ”(我 去一直知道， 察体 如此小的微粒具有很高的挑 性。 )( 第二段 ) 句 是 A 的依据。5C 通篇文章都没有提到有人 明了一种能 量火星上某些微粒的重量的 子装置。6B第三段中提到， “this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix willima

29、ge ”。接着又 ， “ After this first success，we re now working on building up a portrait gallery of the dust on Mars ”。而本 却 ： “ After collecting the last Martian dust particle ，we re now working on building up ， 与”文章所表达内容明 不同，所以本 的答案是B。7A选择 A 的依据是文章最后一句：“ Theparticle seen in the atomic force14microscope im

30、age was part of a sample scooped by the robotic arm。第十五篇 火星上的 粒美国国家航空航天局的 凰号火星登 器通 其携 的望 到了迄今 止第一幅火星微粒的照片。 次微粒的 象比以往任何拍 地球以外的物 使用的放大率都要高。据 成原形的微粒直径只有一千分尺，也就是一百万分之一米。“此次 需要清晰度最高的望 ，同 要 能 握持火星 粒的 。 ”Pike 到，他是 敦帝国学院 凰号科学小 的成 之一。“我 去一直 察体 如此小的微粒是具有很高的挑 性的”。 次用于 微粒的 叫做原子力望 ，它能 通 位于 簧末端的尖端来 描 些微粒并在三 空 中 制

31、下它 的形状。 种望 能 以小到 l00 米来呈 出 些微粒。而且 不会是 凰号 描的最后的 粒，15科学家将会收集更多的火星微粒进行扫描。 “这次成功以后， 我们正在努力创建一座火星尘粒图像陈列馆。 ”Pike 说到。火星上到处都存在着尘粒，这些尘粒覆盖着火星表面使其呈现出锈迹斑斑的红色。这些尘粒把火星的天空染成了粉色而且经常会引起覆盖行星的尘暴。而超小的尘粒又是连接大气层中的空气与火星中的土壤的媒介物，所以研究者称火星尘粒对于了解火星环境是极端重要的。这次耗资 420 万美圆的凤凰号任务将会分析火星北极范围内的尘粒和地表下的冰层，目的是发现火星上过去是否有居住性的可能性。从原子力望远镜里观

32、测到的尘粒由机械手从“白雷沟”挖到的样本的一部分而后在七月份的早期被传送到了凤凰号的望远镜上。第三部分概括大意与完成句子（两篇）第十篇16Washoe Learned American Sign Language1An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American

33、state of Washington. Wash0e had become known in the scientific community and around the world for herability to use American Sign Language . She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.2 Rese

34、arch scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoes progress in ascientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it

35、was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and17bananas. She also asked questions like, Who is coming to play? Once5 thenews about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of theirown6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed

36、.3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developedtrue language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes

37、. Yet Washoes keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.4Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe pro

38、vided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees 8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is18that this kind of research takes a very long time.5 Debate continues about chimps understanding of human communication. Yet, one thin

39、g is sure - Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.词汇 :chimpanzee n黑猩猩critic n 评论家，批评家community n 社区，圈子workings n 活动，运行primate n灵长类动物chimp n=chimpanzee注释：1. in the scientific community : 在科学界，在科学家的圈子里2. American Sign Language(ASL): 美国手语。利用手、脸部表情、身体姿势表达思想的美国聋哑人语言。

40、在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用ASL 。 ASL 与British Sign Language(BSL 英国手语 )不同，两者不能相互理解。193. led to debate: 引起 。 lead to 意 “ 致 ”，to 介 ， debate 名 。4. she grew to understand about 250 words: 她 掌握 250 个 。 9row t0是 “ ”的意思。5. Once : 一旦。0nce 是 接 。 例 :Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦学会了如何 自行 ，就会喜 上它。6.

41、of their own: 属于自己的。 of their own 的含 与 on their own 不同， on their own 是“独自 ”的意思。7. the Gardners: Gardner夫 8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe.: 像个体研究者 Jane Goodall 的科学家相信 。like( 像，跟 一 )是介 ，本句的 是 believe。句子中的 private researcher意 “不受雇于任何 位， 自己独立工作的科研人 。 ” ：201. Paragraph 1AReason

42、 WhyNotMany2. Paragraph 2ScientistsCarry outThis3. Paragraph 3Research Nowadays4. Paragraph 4BReportaboutWashoesProgress inLearningSignLanguageCGeneral InformationaboutWashoeDTheGardeners5.Washoe could makeContributions Recognizedsigns to communicate6.Some scientistsEDebateonChimpsdoubted7.Washoe ta

43、ught threeIntelligenceyoungerchimpssignlanguageFWashoes LoveforThree8.The experimentersYoung ChimpsthoughtWashoewasintelligent21A if the Gardeners argument was soundB because she was cleverer than other chimpsC when she wanted to eatD while she was at a research center inEllensburgE because she coul

44、d use sign language to ask for fruitsF while Washoe was learning sign language答案与题解：1. C 第一段主要介绍猩猩 Washoe 的出生地、死亡年龄、被带到美国学习美式手语等一般情况。用 General Information about Washoe 来概括是很准确的。222. B 第二段的关键句是 In 1969, the Gardners described Washoes progress in a scientific report. 随后的句子简略的介绍了 Washoe的学习情况和结果， 如已学会了

45、250 个单词，并能用手语表达 “该吃饭了” 等概念。所以，Report about Washoes Progress in Learning Sign Language(选项 B) 是答案。3. E 第三段介绍了对 Gardener 夫妇发表的报告有两种不同的解读。一派认为Washoe 的手语能力只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质激励的结果，不是智能的表现。另一派认为知识智能的表现，其证据是Washoe 还能教三个小猩猩学习手语。 争论的焦点是猩猩有没有智能。 选项 E 用 debate 来概括上述争论，所以是答案。4. A 第四段解释了为什么现在从事这项研究的科学家人数不多。部分原因是研究周期太

46、长。5. C 选 C 的第四段第二句： Washoe made signs to communicate when it wastime to eat.6. A 第三段的上半段说了一些科学家对 Gardener 夫妇的试验的解读所持怀疑态度。题干中出现的 doubted 引导我们选 A 。237. D 选 D DE 依据是第三段的最后一句 ,即“ He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzee

47、s, which are still alive. ”8. E 本文第二段谈到试验的成果时有一个句子： “ She could request foods like apples and bananas”。根据全段意思和上述句子，选择 E 是正确的。第十篇Washoe学会了美国手语一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月底在美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心，自然死亡，42 岁的高龄。Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，她能够使用美国手语。她是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。她的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和他们所能理解的语言的争议。科学家 Allen和 Beatri

48、x Gardner于 1966 年开始教 Washoe手语。 196924年， Gardners 在科学的报告中描述了Washoe的进步。对Washoe做实验的人说 Washoe逐渐掌握了约 250 个单词。例如， Washoe能用手语表达“该吃饭了! ”。她能要苹果和香蕉这样的食品。她也问诸如“谁要来玩 ?”之类的问题。 Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。然而，批评者认为 Washoe只学会了看她的教师的手语重复动作。 他们说Washoe从来没有发展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类学

49、习手语只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质刺激的结果。可是 Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。 Roger Fouts 以前是 Gardner 夫妇的学生。 Roger Fouts把 Washoe 带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里， Washoe 教三个年轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。像 Jane GoodaU这样的独立的科学家认为 Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是25肯定的 w 硒 hoe 改变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍

50、观点。第十五篇Maglev Trains1A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation 1 , which means that these trains float over a guide way using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track t

51、rains.2 If youve ever played with magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other 2. This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary. You ca

52、n easily create a smallelectromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA-cell battery 3. This creates a small magnetic field.26If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery, the magnetic field is taken away.3 The magnetic field crea

53、ted in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind a maglev train rail system. There are three components to thissystem: A large electrical power source, metal coils lining a guide way or track, and large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train.4 The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is thatmaglev trains do not have an engine - at least not the