助动词和情态动词

1、助动词和情态动词教学目的：了解助动词和情态动词的用法教学重点：情态动词的用法教学难点：情态动词+完成式学时数：、助动词助动词本身无词义，它只是用来帮助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气以 及否定和疑问结构，助动词共有 5个：be, have, shall, do, will。下面分别讲述这五个助动词的用法：I . be的形式和用法助动词be有八种形式：冃疋式缩略冃定式否定式缩略否定式原形be现在式第一人称单数ammam notarentm not现在式第二人称单数he, she,itissis notisnts not现在式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称复数 you, we, theyarere

2、are notarentre not过去式第一、三人称单数I, he,she, itwaswas notwas nt过去式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称复数 you, we, theywerewere notwerent现在分词beingnotbeing过去分词bee nnot bee nNote:在英国英语中，arent使用很广泛。在美国英语中使用较多的是被认 为非标准的aint 。助动词be的主要用法是：1. 与现在分词构成各种进行时态及与 have和现在分词构成完成进行进态 Fear of crime is slowly paralyzing American society.犯罪恐惧症

3、正逐渐地使用美国社会陷于瘫痪。(2) The telepho ne had bee n ringing for three minu tes before it was an swereD.电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。2. 与过去分词构成被动语态(1) Hewas an ardent fighter for freedom and indepen dence. He waslovedby millio ns and hated only by a han dful.他是个争取自由和独立的热诚战士，为成百万人所爱戴，为仅仅一小撮人所仇恨。(2) They cameto Europe where t

4、heir mother had been educated and stayedthree years.他们来到他们的母亲受教育的欧洲，并待了三年。3. 此外，be还可用作连系动词，如：It was one of the happiest after noons he had ever spe nt.那是他有生以来最愉快的一个下午。n . have的形式和用法助动词have有五种形式:冃疋式缩略冃疋式否定式缩略否定式原形havevehave nothave ntve not现在式第二人称单数hasshas nothas nts not现在式第二人称单数hasshas nothas nts no

5、t过去式haddhad nothad ntd not现在分词hav ingnot hav ing过去分词had助动词have的主要用法是：1. 与过去分词构成各种完成时态 Newt on has expla ined the movme nts of the moonfrom the attract ions of the earth.牛顿阐明了月球受到地球引力而运行的规律。(2) Reluctantly,she opened the door, she had not kept it locked; therehad been non eed.她勉强地开了门。她没有锁门，也没有必要锁门。2.

6、 与been +现在分词构成各种完成进行时态(1) Men have been digging salt out of it for six hundred years and yetthere seems as much left as ever.人们在这里掘盐已六年，但盐似乎还是那么多。(2) In ano ther mon ths time Mr Henrywill have bee n tea ching here forexactly thirty years.再过一个月，享利先生就将在这里从事教学整30年了。3. 此外，have还可用作实义动词，意谓”有”、”吃”等(1) Bad

7、n ews has win gs. 丑事传千里。(2) Youre an aemic, you must have some iron.你患贫血症了，应该服一些铁。4. have还可用作使役动词我们现已把这个问题解决了(1) We now have the problem solved. I had a tooth out this afternoo n.我今天下午拔了一颗牙。Note: have用作实义动词时不能使用缩略式。词组have to有情态意义，详见”情态动词”。m. do的形式和用法助动词do有三种形式:冃疋式否定式缩略否定式原形dodo notdont现在式第三人称单数doesd

8、oes notdoes nt过去式diddid notdid ntNote: do用作实义动词时有现在分词 doing和过去分词done.助动词do的主要用法是：1. 构成现在一般时和过去一般时的疑问句 Doyou always carry an umbrella你经常带伞吗(2) Did everyth ing come off all right一切都进行的有顺利吗2. 构成现在一般时和过去一般时的否定句(1) She did nt cool down for hours after that argument.在那场争辩之后，她有好几个小时都没平静下来。(2) Dcnt worry, h

9、e will be brought to book for his wickedness one day.别担心，他的恶行总有一天要受到惩罚的。3. 用于替代，以避免重复(1) May I come round in the morni ng上午我可以来拜访你吗Yes, please do. 可以，请来吧。 (do 替代 come round )(2) I dont like coffee and n eitherdoes my wife.我不喜欢咖啡，我妻子也不喜欢。(does 替代 like)4. 用于强调(1) My parents think I didnt study for my

10、exams, butdid study.我爸爸妈妈认为我考试前没有复习，但我是复习了。(2) Although I have little time for entertainment, I dogo to the theatre once in a while. 虽然我很省有时间娱乐，一但我有时间就去看戏。(3) Were very pleased that shedoes intend to come.她的确打算来，我们非常高兴。(4) The letter we were expecting neverdid arrive. 我们期待的信一直没有到。(5) Do you remember

11、 how kind she was你记得她多友善吗I certainlydo remember. 当然记得。5. 用于恳求(1) Docome to the party tonight. 务请今晚来参加晚会。(2) Dobe quiet! 请别作声！6. 此外， do 还可用作实义动词，意谓”做”，”干”等等(1) She s doing her knitting. 她正在编织衣物。(2) She interrupted him before his speech wasdone.她不等他把话说完就打断了他。(3) Bad books do great harm. 坏书有很大害处。(4) Wi

12、ll you do me a favour 你愿帮我个忙吗(5) Jane is doing the dishes. 珍妮正在洗碟子。(6) I willis do my best. 我愿尽力而为。(7) That willdo. 行了(或够了)。Note ：如用其它时态，疑问句的助动词须提至主语前， 否定句的助动词之后加 not 如：离这么远，他会听得到(1) Will he be able to hear at such a distance You havent been abroad before, have you你以前没出过国，是吗IV . shall(should)和 will(

13、would)的形式和用法助动词shall(过去式should )和will (过去式would)有下列几种形式:冃疋式缩略冃疋式否定式缩略否定式shallllshall notsha ntshouldshould notshould ntwillllwill notwont ll notwoulddwould notwould ntd not助动词shall(should) 和will (would)可用于构成各种将来和过去将来时态，shall(should)用于第一人称，will(would) 用于第二、第三人称。在当代英语(尤其是美国英语中)will(would)常用于一切人称。1. sh

14、all用于各种将来时态第一人称(当代英语多用will)(1) We shall be going away tomorrow by an early train.我们将于明日搭早班火车离开。(2) I shall let you know as soon as I have heard from them.我一接到他们的信、当即告诉你。2. should 用于各种过去将来时态的第一人称(当代英语多用would)(1) So this was the place where Ishould study for the three made abad first impressio n.后来，这就

15、是我学习三年的地方，它给我的第一个印象可不好。(2) The BCC weather report this morning said that we should have rain. 英国广播公司今晨的天气预报说，我们这儿将有雨。3. will用于各种将来时态的第二、第三人称(1) They will be look ing for anyone conn ected with her.他们将寻找每一个与她有往来的人。(2) The play is coming off in August - By then the play will have been running for thre

16、e months. 这个剧将于八月停演到那时它将连演三 个月了。4. would 用于各种过去将来时态的第二、第三人称(1) They said it would be fine. 人们说天气会很好。(2) They would have finished by five oclock. 他们将于五时前完工。Note: shall (should) 和 will (would) 可用作情态动词。详见”情态动词”。 should 和 would 可以构成虚拟语气，详见”虚拟语气”。二、情态动词 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。情态动词有一定词义；不 受主语人称和数的变化影响；与主要动词

17、的原形(或称不带 to 的不定式)一起 构成谓语(除 ought to 作固定词组看待)。 下面分别介绍情态动词的用法：1. can (could)1) 表示能力， could 主要指过去时间。Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。Could the girl read before she went to school 这女 孩上学 前能识字吗2) 表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上) 。The temperature can fall to60C, that is 60C below freezing.气温可降至一60 C，也就是零下60 C。H

18、e cant (could n t) have eno ugh money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。You mustnt smoke whileyoure walking around in thewood. You could start a fire.在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾3）表示允许。Can I have a look at your new pen 我可以看一看你的新 钢笔吗He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading room.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。4 ）表

19、惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。 主要用于否定句、 疑问句或感叹句中。Where can (could) they havegone to 他们会去哪儿了呢He cant (could n t) be oversixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。How can you be so careless你怎么这么粗心5 ）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Can (Could) you lend me ahand 帮我一把好吗I m afraidwe couldn t giveyou an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。2. may （might）1 ）表允许， might 可以指过

20、去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉Youmay takewhateveryoulike.你喜欢什么就拿什么。Hetold methat I mightsmokein theroom. 他告 诉我可以在房间里抽烟。May (Might)I ask foraphotoof yourbaby 我可 以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？在回答以 may 引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly./ Please don t ./ Youd better not. / No, you mustnt. 等，以免显得太严峻或不客 气。2 ）表可能（事实上）。可以指过

21、去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。him.I m not sure.Wemust do everything step bystep.我们一切都必须循序渐He may be at home. 他可能在家。She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。He was afraid they might not agree with他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。They might be having a meeting, but他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。3. must1 ）表示义务。意为”必须” （主观意志）。ShallI get you some te

22、a 我给你点茶好吗进地做。Youmustnt talkto her likethat.你不可能那样对她说话。-Mustwehand inour exercise booksnow 我们现在就要交练习本吗-No,youn eed nt./ No, youdon t have to. 不必。这种情况下，一般不用mustn t )2）表示揣测。意为”想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.

23、她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。4. shall1 ）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。Shall the boy wait outside 让那男孩在外面等吗What shall we do this evening 我们今晚做什么 2）表说话人的意愿，有”命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、 第三人称陈述句。Youshalldo as Isay.按我说的做。（命令）Youshallhave myanswertomorrow.你明天可以得到我的答复允诺）Heshallbe sorryfor itone day,I tellyou.有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。 （警告）Nothing s

24、hall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。 （决心）5. will1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。None issoblindas thosewhowontsee. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。If youwillreadthe book, I ll lendit to you.如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。2）表请求，用于疑问句。Will you close the window It s a bit cold. 请你把窗户 关上好吗有点冷。Won t

25、you drink some more coffee 再来一点咖啡好吗3）表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。The door won t open. 这门打不开。The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过6. should1 ）表义务。意为”应该” （某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。Youshould be polite to your teachers.你对老师应该 有礼貌。Youshoul

26、dn t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。2 ）表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。The film should be very good as it is starring firstclass actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。7. would1 ）表意愿。They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。I said I would do anything fo

27、r you. 我说过我愿意为你做任 何事。2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。Wouldyoulikeanotherglass of beer 再来杯啤酒好吗Wouldyoumindcleaning thewindow 请把窗户擦一下好吗They wouldnt have anythingagainstit.他们不会有什么反对意见。3）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him forhelp.她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。8. ought to1）表义务，意为”应该”（因责任、义务

28、等该做），口气比should稍重。You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是 他父亲，应当管他。You oughtnt to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。Han Mei ought to know his telephonenumber.韩梅该知道他的电话号码。Theres a fine sun set; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。9. used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑

29、问式和否定式有两种。He used to live in the countryside,but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。use to smoke cigarettes.used n t to smoke cigarettes.Did nt Maria use to be in terested in the theatreUsed n t Maria to be in terested in the theatre此外，“情态动词+现在完成式”是一种较活跃的语法现象，在各种考试中屡 见不鲜。现将其用法归纳如下：I 对过去行为发生的可能性

30、的推测1 .“must/may /might +现在完成式”表示对过去行为是否发生的可能性 程度不同的肯定推测。1） “must+现在完成式”这一用法是指说话人对过去所发生的事情的肯定推断，含有逻辑上的必然性。例如：He must have gone to the clinic 他一定是去医务室了。They startedearlythis morning ；they must have arrived by now.他们一大早就启程了，现在一定 到了。2) “may 现在完成式”表示从现在看来过去可能发生某事。可译为“曾 经”、“一度”、“也许”等。例如：He may have missed

31、 the train .他可能没有赶上火车。3) “might 现在完成式”表示“可能、也许、已经” ，但事实上并未如此。例如：I might have come to a wrong conclusion .我可能得出了错误的 结论。2. 表示对过去行为可能性的否定推测1) could /can not +现在完成式”表示以现在的眼光看来，过去不可能 发生 的事。可译为“不可能或不至于” 。例如：They couldn t have left so soon.他们不可能那么早就走了。They cant have missed the way.(They ve been to the zo o

32、 before .)他们不可能迷路。 (暗含他们以前去过动物园。 )I cant have see n him .我不可能见过他。2) “may not +现在完成式”表示“不一定发生过、未必发生过”等。3) “might not +现在完成式” 表示“不一定就、也可能不、未免有点不”。II .表示说话人的语气1 .表示委婉批评1 )“could+现在完成式”含有埋怨或训斥的口气。例如：I could have lent you the money. Why didn t you askme我本来可以把钱 借给你的。你为什么没有向我借呢2)might 现在完成式You might at lea

33、st have answered my letter 你至少可以回我一封信嘛。You might have been more careful 你本可以再细心一些。2表示惊奇或怀疑“could can 现在完成式”常用在疑问句中。例如：Where（ can）could they have gone 他们可能到哪里去了呢How could they have forgotten such an important meeting 他 们怎么能忘记这么重要的会议呢III 表示说话人认为过去的行为应该或不应该发生1“ should ought to 现在完成式”表示说话人认为该做而实际未 做的事。

34、例如：They oughttohavedonethatbuttheydidn t 他们本应该这样做。He shouldhavetoldmethenewsearlier他本应该早些告诉我这消息。2“shouldnot oughtnotto现在完成式”表示过去做了不该做的事。例 如：You oughtn t to have done that 你这么做是不应当的。You should not have gone up to college so soon( But you did ）你本不应该这么早就上大学的。They shouldn t have come 他们本不应该来。IV 表示不必要性。

35、表示说话人对过去已做的事情持否定态度， 或认为此事根本 没必要做。常用句式为“ neednt 现在完成式”。例如：I neednt have hurried 我大可不必这么急。The war neednt have cost mankind so many lives -It neednt have happened.在那场战争中本来不必有那么多人丧生，不仅如此，本来就是一场不必要的战争V.表假设。“wouldnt 现在完成式” 表示与事实相反的动作， 实际上已经做了， 但假 设没有做。可译为”就不会、决不会”等。例如：If not for these armed forces, the si

36、tuation in chins would never have been what it is today! 要是没有这些军队，中国绝无今天的局面！ 三、专项练习1. If it is fine tomorrow, we a football match.A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has2.When he was at school, he early and take a walkbefore breakfast.A. will rise B. shall rise C. should riseD. would rise.3. In the

37、 past 30 yeas China great advances in the socialistrevolution and socialist consruction.A. has made B. have made4. I go to bed untilA. don t/had B. didn t/haveC.5. you think he _A. Do/havecomeB. Did/willC. Does/willcome D. Do/will6.He saidthat he droppedhisbus.A. was runing B. was running7.No sooner

38、 he arrivedC. hadmade D. havingmadeI _ finishedmywork.didn t/hadD.dont/havebackby dinnertimehavecomehavecomebagwhen he _for theC. were runningD. isrunninghome than he to starton another journey.A. has/was askedB. have/were asked C. had/is askedD.had/was asked8.a_ you give me aroom forthe night ”I as

39、ked onarrivingat the hotel.A. ShouldB. Can C. MightD. May9.Thereare nine of them,so _ get intothe car at the same time.A. theymay not atallB. allthey may notC. theycantallDalltheycant10.“Wedidntseehimatthe lectureyesterday. ”“He _ it.A. mustntattendB.cannothave attendedC. wouldhave notattendedD.need

40、nthave attended11.“ You realize that you were driv ingat 100 mph, dont you”“No, officer.I_. This carcantdo more than 80.”A. didntneed tobeB. maynothave beenC. couldnthavebeenD.neednthave been12.escape from the policHe was a good runner so hee.A. mightB. succeededto C. wouldD. was able to13. Ifthey5o

41、ur planwill fallflat.A. areco-operatingB.had notco-operatedC. wontco-operateD.didntco-operate14. Ihopedmyletter.A. herto answerB. thatshe wouldanswerC. thatsheanswersD. heranswering15. He_ liveinthe country than inthecity.A. prefersB. likestoC. hadbetterD. wouldrather16. _ to seea film withus todayA

42、. DidyoulikeB.Wouldyou likeC. WillyoulikeD. Haveyou liked17.Imsorry,but Ihad no alternative.IsimplyIdid.C.A.must doB.had to dooughtwhatto have doneD.have to doA. need B. oughtC. mustD. darerunning out,18. “Time isA.hadntwe bettergot startBhadntwe better getstartB.hadntwe better get startedDhadntwe b

43、etter notstarted19. Noone _ thatto his face.A. daressayB. daressaying C. daresayD. dare tosay20.Thestudentsin theclassroom _ notto make somuchnoise.21.You lastweek ifyou were really serious about your work.A. ought tocomeB. oughttobecomingC. ought havecomeD. oughttohavecome22.Theelephants oughthours

44、ago bythekeepers.A.tobe fedB. tofeedC. tobeingfedDtohave been fed23. “Iwonder whytheyre late.“They _the train. ”A.canhave missedB.couldmissC.mayhave missedD. mightmiss24. “Tom graduatedfromcollegeata veryyoungage.”“He have been an outstanding student. ”A. must B. could C. should D. might25.You the e

45、xamination again since you had already passed it.A. n eed nt have take nB.did n t n eed to takeC. n eed nt takeD.must nt takeAnswers：1-5 BDACD 6-10 BDBCB 11-15 CDCBD16-20 BBCCB 21-25 DDCAB四、自测练习 yesterday.A. should be finished typingB. must be finished typingC.must have finished typingD.1. He is rea

46、lly incompetent! The letterA. dontneedto B. needntC. needs D. need7. You _the look on hisface when he wontheA. wouldhaveseen B. shouldhave seenC. mustseeD. canbeseeing8.Somepeoplethink the stockmarket will crash,butit.prize.2.should have been finished typingThe boy toldhis fatherthat hewould rathera

47、nastronaut.A. become B. tobecomeC. becomingD. became3.When we reached thestation,thetrain had stillnot arrived; so weA. needed not to hurryB.n eed nt have hurriedB. need not to have hurriedD.didn t need to hurry4. Since your roommateis visitingher familythisweekend,you like5.to have dinner with us t

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