中国历史文化段落翻译参考资料

1、目录中国传统节日Traditional Chinese Festivals1The Spring Festival 春节1The Spring Festival Eve 除夕1The Spring Festival Eve Dinner 年夜饭1Spring Festival Couples 贴春联1Gift Money 压岁钱1Setting off firecrackers 放鞭炮1Paying New Year Calls 拜年1Vising Temple Fairs赶庙会2The Lantern Festival 元宵节2Eating Yuanxiao 吃元宵2Watching Pai

2、nted Lanterns 赏花灯2Solving Lantern Riddles 猜灯谜2The Dragon Boat Festival 端午节2Qu Yuan (339BC? 278BC?) 屈原2Dragon Boat Racing 赛龙舟3Eating Zongzi 吃粽子3Hanging Moxa 挂艾蒿3The Moon Festival 中秋节3The Moon Cake 月饼3The Double Ninth Festival 重阳节3Climbing Heights to Keep Away Troubles 登高避灾4Appreciating Chrysanthemums

3、 赏菊4Offering Sacrifices to the Goddess of the Sea 祭海神4中国服饰Chinese Costumes5Silk 丝绸5The Silk Road 丝绸之路5The Maritime Silk Road 海上丝绸之路5Cheongsam tsm (Qipao 旗袍)5The Making of Cheongsam tsm 旗袍的制作5Modern Cheongsam 现代旗袍6Modern Garments 现代服饰6Chinese Food中国饮食7Beijing Cuisine and Snacks 北京菜与小吃7The Roast Duck

4、北京烤鸭7Instant-boiled Mutton 涮羊肉7Manhan Quanxi 满汉全席7Beijing Snakes 北京小吃7Cantonese Cuisine and Snacke广东菜与小吃7Seafood Dishes 海鲜菜8Dim sum 广东小吃8Sichuan Cuisine and Snacks 四川菜与小吃8The Zhangcha Duck 樟茶鸭8Mapo Tofu 麻婆豆腐8Chinese Liquor 中国酒8Yellow Wine 黄酒9White Liquor 白酒9Maotai Liquor 茅台酒9Chinese Tea 中国茶9The Home

5、 of Tea 茶叶的故乡9Varieties of Tea 茶叶的品种9Tea Ceremony 茶艺9中国书法绘画 Chinese Calligraphy and Painting10The Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝10The Writing Brush 毛笔10The Ink Stick 墨（块）10The Ink Slab 砚10Traditional Chinese Paintings 中国画10Landscape Paintings 山水画10Flower-and-bird Paintings 花鸟画11Figure Paintings 人物

6、画11New Years Paintings 年画11中国文物12The Terra-cotta Warriors 秦始皇陵兵马俑12The Underground Army 地下军阵12Dunhuang Grottoes 敦煌石窟12Cave Relief Murals 石窟壁画12The Dunhuang Academy China 敦煌研究院12中国民居Chinese Folk Residence13Cave Dwellings in Shaanxi 陕西窑洞13Brick Caves and Stone Caves 砖窑和石窑13Fujian Tulou 福建土楼13The Ances

7、tral Temple 祠堂13Modern Private Houses 现代民居13中华医药Chinese Medicine15Traditional Chinese Medical Science and Medicine中医中药15The Diagnosis Method of Traditional Chinese Medicine 中医诊病15Treatment of Diseases by Traditional Chinese Medicine中药治病15Acupuncture and Moxibustion ,mksbst()n艾灸Therapy 针灸疗法15Acupunct

8、ure Therapy 针法治病15Moxibustion Therapy 灸法治病16Massage ms Therapy 按摩疗法16中华武术The Chinese Martial Art17The Shaolin Martial Art 少林功夫17Taiji Boxing太极拳17The Origins of Taiji Boxing 太极拳源流17中国文字The Chinese Character18The Evolution of Chinese Characters 汉字的演变18The Origin of Chinese Characters 汉字的起源18Standardiz

9、ation and Promulgation (,promlen 宣传,普及) of Chinese Characters 汉字的规范与传播18The Simplified Chinese Characters 简化汉字18Beijing Language and Culture University (BLCU) 北京语言大学18Confucius Institutes 孔子学院19中国历史文化名城Famous Chinese Cities with Historical and Cultural Relics20Pingyao City in Shanxi 山西平遥20Ancient Ci

10、ty Walls 古城墙20Shaoxing City in Zhejiang 浙江绍兴20Shaoxing: the City of Bridges 桥都绍兴20The Black-awning Boat in Shaoxing 绍兴乌篷船20Luxun Memorial Museum at His Former Residence 鲁迅故居纪念馆21Fenghuang Town in Hunan 湖南凤凰21Miao Ethnic Wax Printing 苗族蜡染21Lijiang Town in Yunan 云南丽江21Ancient Streets 古街21中国戏曲Chinese O

11、peras & Acrobatics29Peking Opera 京剧29Kunqu (The Kun Opera) 昆曲29Features of Performance 表演特色29The Origin of Chinese Operas 百戏之祖29Acrobatics 杂技29中国传统思想 Traditional Chinese Thoughts30Confucius and Confucianism 孔子与儒家学说30Confucius (551 BC479BC) 孔子30Confucianism (儒家学说)30Mencius (circa 372 BC289 BC) 孟子30La

12、o Zi and Taoism（道家学说） 老子与道家学说30Dao De Jing 道德经31中国工艺 Chinese Craft32Porcelain 瓷器32Paper Cutting 剪纸32Yangzhou Paper Cutting 扬州剪纸32Shaanxi Paper Cutting 陕西剪纸32Embroidery 刺绣32Suxiu, Embroidery in Suzhou 苏绣33Kites 风筝33The Making of Kites 风筝制作33A New Sporting Event 新型的体育运动项目33中国河山 Chinas Rivers and Mount

13、ains34The Yellow River 黄河34The Yellow River Civilization 黄河文明34The Yangtze River 长江34The Source of the Yangtze River 长江源头34The Three Gorges Hydro-junction Project on the Yangtze River 长江三峡水利枢纽工程34The Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain 长江中下游平原34The Yangtze River Delta 长江三角洲34The Grand Canal大运河35South-to-Nort

14、h Water Transfer Project, the East Line “南水北调”东线工程35The Value of the Grand Canal 运河的价值35Guilin Sceneries 桂林山水35Gulins Folksongs 桂林民歌35Elephant Trunk Hill 象鼻山35Wu Yue( The Five Mountains) 五岳36Mount Tai 泰山36Mount Song 嵩山36Mount Heng (Shanxi) 恒山36Mount Hua 华山36Mount Heng (Hunan) 衡山36Huangshan (Yellow M

15、ountain) in Anhui 安徽黄山37Hot Springs at the Foot of the Mountain 山下温泉37The Bizarre Pine Trees 黄山奇松37High Mountains in a Sea of Clouds 高山云海37Bizarrely-shaped Rocks on the Peak 山峰怪石37Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan 四川九寨沟37The Shuzheng Scenic Spot 树正景区38The Primeval Natural Features 原始风貌38The Custom of Tibetans 藏

16、族风情38中国古代建筑 Ancient Chinese Architecture39The Great Wall长城39Beacon Towers 烽火台39The Wall 城墙39The Palace Museum in Beijing 北京故宫39The Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿39The Outer Court of the Palace Museum 故宫外朝39The Inner Court of the Palace Museum 故宫内廷39The Imperial Garden 御花园40Temple of Heaven 天坛40The Echo

17、 Wall 回音壁40The Potala Palace 布达拉宫40Princess Wencheng 文成公主40The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 苏州园林40国家文化体育场馆 National Cultural and Sports Venues in China41The National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆41The Exhibitions 陈列与展览41Academic Exchange 学术交流41Archaeology Exchange 考古研究41The National Library of China 国家图书馆4

18、1The National Digital Library of NLC 国家数字图书馆42The Collection of Books in NLC 馆藏图书42The Venues of Beijing Olympic Games 北京奥运会场馆42The National Art Museum of China中国美术馆42The Exhibition Hall of the Art Museum 美术馆展厅42The Collection of the Art Museum 美术馆收藏42The National Centre for the Performing Arts 中国国家

19、大剧院43The Opera House 歌剧院43The Concert Hall 音乐厅43The Theater 戏剧场43中国货币邮票 Chinese Currency and Stamps44Ancient Currency 古代货币44Modern Currency 现代货币44The Paper Money of RMB 人民币纸币44Chinese Stamps 中国邮票44Dragon Stamps 龙票44Commemorative Stamps 纪念邮票44Special Stamps 特种邮票44中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature46Po

20、etry of the Tang Dynasty 唐诗46Li Bai 李白46Du Fu 杜甫46The Dream of the Red Mansions 红楼梦46Jia Baoyu 贾宝玉46Lin Daiyu 林黛玉46Xue Baochai 薛宝钗47中国传统节日Traditional Chinese Festivals The Spring Festival 春节The Chinese Spring Festival falls on the very first day of the Chinese Lunar year. The celebration of the Spri

21、ng Festival, otherwise known as the Chinese New Year, starts from the first day of the first lunar month and ends on the Lantern Festival, that is, the fifteenth of the month. The Spring Festival to the Chinese is what Christmas to the Westerners (中国人过春节相当于西方人过圣诞节). The Spring Festival Eve 除夕The Spr

22、ing Festival Eve, or the Chinese New Years Eve, is call the Danian Sanshi （大年三十）in Chinese. It is a time of jubilance, with eyeful of Spring Festival couplets, earful of loud firecrackers, and the kitchen full of yummy stuff cooking on the stove. Wherever they are, people will hurry back home for th

23、eir family reunion on the eve. The Spring Festival Eve Dinner 年夜饭The Spring Festival Eve Dinner is known as the Dinner of Reunion. On the Eve, children away from home will all come back to enjoy a tableful of delicacies together with their parents. People in the north prefer jiaozi, the southerners

24、like tangyuan, sweet round dumplings to indicate family reunion, and niangao, which means “going higher and higher in the coming year”.Spring Festival Couples 贴春联It has been a tradition for the Chinese to paste Spring Festival couplets on the doors during the Festival. Words of auspiciousness are wr

25、itten in the couples, which are called duilian对联, or the Pair Couplets, because the words on both couplets should be equal in number, parallel in form, and attuned in meaning. Sometimes people also paste a hengpi横批, a horizontal scroll bearing an inscription, above the couplets. Gift Money 压岁钱On the

26、 festive occasion, young children will pay New Year calls on and express their best wishes to their elders who, in return, will offer them yasuiqian 压岁钱, money given to children as a Spring Festival gift. The money is usually wrapped up in red paper a symbol of good fortune. Setting off firecrackers

27、 放鞭炮Part of the Spring Festival celebration is to set off firecracker, which is meant to add joy to the festivity. People wish that, by setting off firecrackers, good luck would come to them in the coming year. Paying New Year Calls 拜年The Spring Festival is also a time to pay festive visits and say

28、good wishes to one another among relatives, friends and neighbours. Vising Temple Fairs赶庙会During the Festival, people visit temple fairs, where an assortment of entertaining performances takes place, including Yangko 秧歌 (a ritual folk dance popular in north China), acrobatics（杂技） and folk art shows.

29、 Varieties of snacks and commodity exchanges （商品交易）are also the integral parts of the fair. The Lantern Festival 元宵节The 15th day of the first lunar month is the Chinese Lantern Festival, which coincides with the first full-moon night of the year (这一天正好是新年的第一个月圆之夜). The major activities of the day in

30、clude watching painted lanterns, solving riddles, setting off fireworks, and eating yuanxiao元宵(sweet dumplings) made of glutinous glu:tins(粘的，胶装的) rice flour（糯米面，糯米粉）.Eating Yuanxiao 吃元宵Eating yuanxiao 元宵on the day of the Lantern Festival symbolizes family reunion and happiness. Yuanxiao are made wi

31、th glutinous rice flour dough, stuffed with a variety of food such as red bean paste, sesame, mixed nutlets with sugar. Minced meat is another favored flavor (元宵用糯米粉包馅制成，馅儿有豆沙、芝麻、各类果仁加白糖，还有肉糜馅等). In southern China, people also eat tangyuan汤圆(like yuanxiao元宵).Watching Painted Lanterns 赏花灯On the night

32、 of the Lantern Festival, lines of painted lanterns are hung around the courtyard and along both sides of the street. The colorful lights against the full moon create quite a visual feast for people to enjoy (人们观灯赏月，其乐融融).Solving Lantern Riddles 猜灯谜Solving riddles written or printed on lanterns is a

33、nother way of entertaining visitors on the night.The Dragon Boat Festival 端午节The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival falls on the fifth day of the fifth month on the Chinese Lunar Calendar. The story goes that the day is kept in memory of the patriotic poet Qu Yuan 屈原who died more than 2000 years ago. Its

34、also a day to pray for agricultural harvests as well as to drive pestilences pestilns away (同时也是人们祈求农业丰收，驱除瘟疫的节日).Qu Yuan (339BC? 278BC?) 屈原Qu Yuan 屈原, a patriotic poet of the Chu State 楚国in ancient China, is greatly respected by people of all times, for both his fine poetry and noble character. It

35、was on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in the year 278 BC after the falling of the Chu State （楚国） that Qu Yuan （屈原）gave his life to his beloved motherland by drowning himself in the river (因楚国国都失陷，屈原悲愤地投江而死).Dragon Boat Racing 赛龙舟The dragon boat is made of wood, with mythical dragon head and

36、dragon tail decorations on it. Dragon boat racing originally showed peoples wish to rescue Qu Yuan（屈原）from drowning, and gradually became a popular competitive mass sport (赛龙舟最初是表达屈原投江后，人们寻救他的迫切心情，后来逐渐成为端午节流行的一项民间体育竞技活动).Eating Zongzi 吃粽子Legend has it that in order to keep the fish away from eating

37、Qu Yuans body, people would throw rice wrapped in bamboo or reed ri:d（芦苇） leaves into the water to feed the fish. Thats how the tradition of eating zongzi 粽子(rice dumplings wrapped in leaves) around the Dragon Boat Festival started. A zongzi （粽子）is usually made in the shape of a triangular or square

38、 lump (粽子外形为三角形或四角形), wrapped in large bamboo leaves. The ingredients are mostly glutinous rice, beans, Chinese dates, or pork.Hanging Moxa 挂艾蒿Moxa leaves are hung in front of every household during the Dragon Boat Festival in order to expelkspl（驱逐） evil spirits and to relieve peoples internal heat

39、or fever (驱邪解毒). The sweet scent of the herb, however, can also repel flies and mosquitoes, and purify the air around the house. The Moon Festival 中秋节The Moon Festival or the Mid-autumn Festival falls on the 15th of the eighth month of the Chinese Lunar year. It is also called the Festival of Family

40、 Reunion 团圆节, as the full moon around that time very well symbolizes harvests and reunion. It is a time for family members to get together and savourseiv尽情享受moon cakes as they admire the full moon.The Moon Cake 月饼The Cake of Reunion 团圆饼 is another name for the moon cake. Made by wheat flour dough an

41、d stuffed with a wide variety, sweet or salty, moon cakes are both the must-eat food and major gift items around the time of the Moon Festival (月饼是中秋节人们互赠的主要礼品，也是节日的重要食品).The Double Ninth Festival 重阳节Chongyang 重阳 the Double Ninth Festival, also known as the Senior Citizens Day 老人节, is on the ninth o

42、f the ninth lunar month. As “nine” is regarded as a number of the Yang (positive or masculine by nature in Chinese philosophy), two “nines” together makes a Chongyang, or Double Yang (中国古人把九称为阳数，阳在中国哲学中属阳性，代表男性阳刚特质，所以九月九叫做重阳). On this day, people will go climbing mountains, drinking, and admiring ch

43、rysanthemum krisnmm 菊花 flowers. More importantly, its a time for children to show some tender loving care to the seniors or to show filial fll piety pat for their parents. （filial piety 孝顺，孝心）Climbing the Heights to Keep Away Troubles 登高避灾The Double Ninth Festival is in autumn, when married women ar

44、e supposed to observe the ritual of visiting their parents and taking them to do some mountain-climbing, so that they could enjoy the seasonal beauty together.Appreciating Chrysanthemums 赏菊Chrysanthemums are in full blossom at this time of the year, and the great variety of the flower has long been

45、the object of admiration for the Chinese (品种繁多的菊花在秋日盛开，观赏菊花是流传已久的节日风俗).Offering Sacrifices to the Goddess of the Sea 祭海神The ninth of the ninth lunar month happens to be the day when Mazu 妈祖, the Goddess of the Sea, ascended to the heaven. Grand ceremonies are held for her on the day in Chinas coasta

46、l cities including the Taiwan Region.The God of Longevity lndevti 寿星老 the guardian of long-life长寿的保护神中国服饰Chinese Costumes Silk and the Silk Road 丝绸与丝绸之路China has a long history of silkworm-raising and silk-weaving（养蚕和丝织）. Silk products from China were sold in great quantities to countries in the Mid

47、dle East and Europe over 2000 years ago. The great impact of silk trading left its mark on the route and this route carrying the silk westwards was duly called the Silk Road (由于受丝绸贸易的巨大影响，运送丝绸西行的陆地贸易通道就被称作丝绸之路。). Silk 丝绸The Chinese started raising silkworms about 5000-6000 years ago, and mastered th

48、e technology of silk-weaving. Silk was used not only in making clothes, but also in painting and making craftwork.The Silk Road 丝绸之路The Silk Road, first developed over 2000 years ago, was an ancient continental trade route connecting China with the west. It played an important role in trade, politic

49、s and cultural exchange between China and other countries in Asia and Europe.The Maritime Silk Road 海上丝绸之路Prior to the Silk Road on land, China had opened a maritime mrtam（a. 海的） passage leading to such regions as Korea, Japan and South East Asia. After the 13th century, the oceanic uinik(a.海洋的) rou

50、te further extended its way to European and African countries. This route was what people later called the Maritime Silk Road.Chinas export through the Maritime Silk Road were mostly silk, porcelain, tea and copperware and ironware (铜器和铁器), while the imports included goods like perfumes (香水), flower

51、s and plants, and rare treasures (奇珍异宝).Cheongsam tsm (Qipao 旗袍)Cheongsam, a typical dress for Chinese women, has evolved from the long gown worn by Manchurian mnturin（满洲的；满洲人的）women over 300 years ago. As the Manchurians are always called the Qi People (旗人)，the clothes they wear, therefore, got the

52、 name of Qipao, (Pao means long gown). Currently, women can still be seen wearing elegant cheongsams on formal or festival festv()l（节日的，喜庆的；快乐的）occasions.The Making of Cheongsam tsm 旗袍的制作Cheongsam is usually made by hand. The making is s composite procedure, as it should be cut to suit the personali

53、ty of each individual woman and to give full expression to her figure （讲究个性，量体裁衣）. The buttons of the dress, in particular, are made into a variety of animal and flower figures as ornaments, such as butterflies, the dragon, or the phoenix, to add looks to the dress.Modern Cheongsam 现代旗袍As time chang

54、es, adaptations have been made to traditional cheongsam to suit modern women: with sleeves removed, length shortened, and collar cut low, so as to make the woman who wears it look more graceful and sexy. So the cheongsam we now have is as comfortable to wear as it is appealing to look at （现代旗袍在不同季节、

55、场合穿着，更为舒适大方）.Modern Garments 现代服饰Chinese clothes today have become part of the international fashion world, and clothes with a dazzling diversity of brands, designs, styles and fabrics can be seen in shopping centers, department stores, franchised stores, or even fashion malls （各种品牌、不同设计、各种面料的服饰，琳琅满

56、目地陈列在购物中心，百货商店和专卖店franchise frntaz vt. 给以特许/特权）. China is not only a big exporter of clothes and textile products nowadays, but also a great marketplace for clothes of any top brands in the world.Chinese food中国饮食 Beijing Cuisine and Snacks 北京菜与小吃Beijing, as the nations capital for several dynasties, has a large pool of gourmet foods and first-rate chefs (北京是几朝古都，各地美食风味云集，名厨高手荟萃). Mutual influences between ethnics have given Beijing cuisine a style of its own (各民族饮食风俗在此相互影响，使得北京菜具有了别具一格、自成一体的特色).The Roast Duck 北京烤鸭The Roast Duck, made of tianya 填鸭(the force-fed duck) has enjoy