名词性从句讲解dayin

1、名词性从句讲解 在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句 , 在整个句 子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面 1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题 2. 考查引导词 that 与 what 的区别 3. 考查 whether 与 if 的区别 4. 考查 it 在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词 +ever 引导的名词性从句与 no matter+ 疑问词引导的状语从句的区别6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词： that,

2、whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分) 连接代词： what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词： when, where, how, why 1. 主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。 主语从句通常由从属连词 that ，whether ，if 和连接代词 what ，who ，which ，whatever， whoever 以及连接副词 how，when，where，why 等词引导。 that 在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词 在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如

3、： What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语 it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从 句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： (1)It + be + 名词 + that 从

4、句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that 从句 (3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that 从句 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”， 常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, e

5、tc.) that 2. 宾语从句 名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中 可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词 that 引导的宾语从句 由连接词 that 引导宾语从句时， that 在句中不担任任何成分， 在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去， 但如从句是并列 句时 ,第二个分句前的 that 不可省。例如： He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think (that) we are goo

6、d in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 注意： 在 demand、 order、 suggest、 decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等 意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“ ( should)+ 动词原形”。例如： I insist that she (should) do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should

7、) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 2. 用 who ，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever 等关联词引导的宾语从句 相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。 例如： I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs hel

8、p a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 3. 用 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外， whether 与 if 在作 “是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether ，不用 if： a. 引导主语从句并在句首时； b. 引导表语从句时； c . 引导从句作介词宾语时； d. 从句后有“ or not”时； e. 后接动 词不定式时。 例如： Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的

9、问题。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用 不同时态。 例如： He studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时） He studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时） I know （that） he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时） He has studied English since 1998.（ 从

10、句用现在完成时） 当主句动词是过去时态（ could, would 除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将 来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。 例如： The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose 等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句 中的否定形式移到主句中。 例如： We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I dont bel

11、ieve he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 3. 表语从句 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系 动词后，有时用 as if 引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that 从句。例如： The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That is why he didn t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 需要注意的，

12、当主语是 reason 时，表语从句要用 that 引导而不是 because。例如： The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 4. 同位语从句 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由 that 引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、 demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information 、message、news、order、problem 、promise、question、request、suggestion、 tr

13、uth 、 wish、 word 等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别： that 作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that 引导同位语从句时， 起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当

14、句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句 : I had no idea that you were here （ that 引导同位语从句，不能省略） Have you got the idea （ that） this book gives you of life in ancient Greece ？（ that 引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略） 名词性从句注意事项 1 whether 和 if 都可以引导宾语从句表达 “是否 ”意，（即引导宾语从句时 if 和 whether 可以互换）但以下几种名词从 句要用 whether（不用 if ）引导： （ 1） 引导主语从句， 且在句

15、首时。 例：Whether he has won the tennis is not known. （ 但 It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis）. （ 2） 引导表语从句时。例 The problem is whether he can get a job. （ 3） 引导同位语从句时。例： I have no idea whether he will come. （ 4） 介词后的 whether 从句。例： I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 2 位于句首引导主语从句的 that

16、 不可忘。 例如： That he got the first place in the competition surprised all of us. 3 在“It is suggested/proposed/ordered/a pity/no wonder/necessary/strange/ that从句”结构中， that 从句谓语有时 用（ should ） do 这样的虚拟语气形式。 例如： It is suggested that we （should） improve the relations between us. It is a pity that one （shoul

17、d） stay in one place all one s life. It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings （缺点） . 4 在“The reason why is that ”句式中 that 不要误为 because. 例如： The reason why he didn t go to school yesterday is that he was ill. 5 名词从句中 that,what 用法比较： 引导名词从句的 that 是连词，在句中无成份，无意义，而 what 是连接代

18、词， what the thing（s） that. 例如： It was told in yesterday s newspaper that what the students had done was praised by the factory. I know that he will study. I know what he will study. That he works hard at his lessons is known to us all. What he works hard at is known to us all. All I ask is that you

19、should tell the truth./He is not what（ the person that） he used to be.他和以前大不相同了。 6 where 在名词从句中的使用特点： where 在名词从句中有时可以变为 “the place where有时”可,以变为“介词 the place where 形”式 。例如： 主从： Where（ The place where）she has gone is still unknown. 宾从： Would you please tell me where（ the place where） Mr Smith lives?

20、 表从： Your dictionary remains where（ in/at the place where）you put. 同位从： Have you any idea where（ of the place where） she is spending her holidays? 7无论是哪种名词从句都是 陈述语序。例如： I know where he lives./Please tell me what her name is. 当一个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序（即 “主谓（宾） ”或“主系表”结构），将其变为间接引语（即宾语从句） 时，无需改变语序。例如： Whats the

21、 matter with him? She asked me what was the matter with him. Who looks after your grandfather? He asked me who looked after my grandfather. 定语从句 一、定语从句与引导词 定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。 被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词， 而引导定语从句的词叫引导词， 有关系代词和关系副词两类。 懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。 1关系代词有： that,which,who,whom,whose, 在定语从句中作主语、

22、宾语、表语 ， whose 作定语。 代人的有： who,whom,whose,that ；代物的有： that,which,whose. 例如： The man who helped you is Mr White.（who 代人，在定语从句中作主语 ） That is the person（whom/who/that） you want to see.（whom,who,that 代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略 ） I m not the fool（that） you thought me to be.（that 代人，在定从中作表语 ） A dictionary is a useful

23、 book which（ that） tells us the meaning of words（which 或 that代物，在定从中作主语 ） 2关系副词有： when（指时间 ）， where（指地点 ）,why（指原因 ），在定语从句中作 状语。 例如： Would you suggest a time（when） we can have a talk?（when 可省略 ） The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting. 注意：不是表

24、时间的先行词都用 when 引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。 例如： Well visit the factory which（ that） makes radios. （which 或 that 在定从中作主语， where 不可用主语，故不可用 ） They still remember the happy days（which/that） they spent in Beidaihe. （which 或 that 在定从中作 spent 的宾语， when 不可 作宾语，故不可用 ） 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句

25、中的某一个名词或名词词组或代 词；非限制性定语从句 常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。 非限制性定语从句不能用 that 引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。 例：Li Ping s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./ He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.（which 指代主句 内容，因前后两句是因果关系，此时 which 不可换为 as。） He is good at physics, as is known to us all. As

26、is known to us all, he is good at physics.（as 引导的非限制性定语从句，指代 主句内容，在 as is known/believed, as we all know/believe 这类结构中 as不可换为 which） 三、只用 that 引导和不用 that 引导的场合 1只用 that 引导的场合 1）当先行词既包括人又包括物时： He talked about the men and the books that attracted him. 2）指物的先行词被 any, every, only, very, all, no 等修饰时： Th

27、ese are the very points that interest me./That s the only watch that I like most. 3）指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me. 4）先行词是指物的不定代词 all,little,few,much, 及 everything,anything,nothing 等时： There is still much that can be

28、 done about it./Have you got everything that you need? 5）先行词是 who 时：Who that have seen him does not like him? 2 不用 that 的场合如下： 1) 非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film,which was about the Long March . 2) 介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news 3) 句中出现了 that，或先行词是 that 时 I have

29、 found that which I was looking for. 四、 “介词关系代词 ”用法 1 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands? 2 介词常受先行词的制约(即介词和先行词的搭配) ，例如： He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即 through the telescope) 3 当关系代词作 “动词介词 ”固定短语的宾语时， 此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关

30、系代词前。例如： This is the watch which you re looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on. 五、几个名词后的引导词 1. situation 后常用 where,in which 引导定语从句： Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word? 2. way(方式，方法 )后常用 in which 或 that 或 how 引导定语从句，也可省略： Do you know the way(in whi

31、ch/that/how) he worked out the problem? 3. “the same 名词 ”， “ such名词 ”，“ as名词 ”后通常用 as引导定语从句。 例如： I have the same dictionary as you(have). I. 定语从句与其他相似易混结构比较 1. 定语从句与并列结构 1) She won the first prize in the speech contest and surprised us. A. which B. it C. asD. who 2) She won the first prize in the sp

32、eech contest, surprised us. A. which B. whom C. themD. what 2. 定语从句与结果状语从句 1) This is such an interesting book all of us want to read. A. as B. whichC. that D. what 2) This is such an interesting book all of us want to read it . A. as B. which C. thatD. what 3. 定语从句与地点状语从句 1) He advised me to live t

33、he air is fresher. A. in whereB. in whichC. the place whereD. where 2) He advised me to live in the place the air is fresher. A. in whereB. in thatC. whereD. which 4. 定语从句与主语从句 1) is known to everyone that Taiwan is part of China. A. AsB. Which C. It D. What 2) is known to everyone, Taiwan is part o

34、f China. A. AsB. WhichC. ThatD. What 3) is known to everyone is that Taiwan is part of China. A. AsB. WhichC. ThatD. What 4) Taiwan is part of China is known to everyone. A. AsB. Which C. That D. What 5. 定语从句与宾语从句 1) Our teacher did all he could to help them. A. whichB. thatC. whatD. it 2) Our teach

35、er did he could to help them. A. whichB. thatC. whatD. it 6. 定语从句与同位语从句 1) The fact she told me yesterday is very important. A. whichB. thatC. whatD. it 2) The fact she hasn t known the result of the examination is clear. A. whichB. that C. what D. it 7. 定语从句与表语从句 1) Is this factory you visited a fe

36、w days ago? A. where B. that C. what D. which 2) Is this the factory the exhibition was held? A. where B. that C. which D. what 3) Is this place you visited two weeks ago? A. that B. which C. the one D. where 8. 定语从句与强调结构 1) It is the place they lived before. A. where B. that C. what D. which 2) It

37、is in the place they lived before. A. where B. that C. what D. which 9. 定语从句与独立主格结构 1) There are lots of people in the reading room, most of with their heads bent over their books. A. whomB. themC. thatD. which 2) There are lots of people in the reading room, most of bent their heads over their book

38、s. A. whomB. themC. thatD. which 3) The car ran into a crowd of children, to hospital immediately. A. two of whom sent B. two of whom are sentC. two of them sent II. 比较 Group 1: 关系代词与关系副词 1用 what / who (whom) 填空 (在从句中充当主语 ,宾语或表语 ,那么从句必然成分不全) I doubt will be the leader of the team.The problem is will

39、 be used to make the plane. I wonder he did yesterday.My doubt is she ordered to finish this task. 2用 where/ when/ why/ how 填空 (从句主 ,谓 ,宾齐全，只可添加状语) She asked he spent the summer holiday.He can t tell he did s. o he lives is unknown to me.My question is we will hold the meeting. Group 2: 1. she is a

40、rich woman is known to us. 2. the teachers say has a great impact on us. 3. There is much chance Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. (2006天津) A. that B. which C. until D. if 4. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class he had to meet his uncle at the airport. (20

41、06 重庆) A. why B. that C. where D. because 5. Word came China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct. 15, 2003. 6. The story goes the king was killed with an arrow by his niece. Group3: if/whether Everything depends on we have enough money. he will pass the exam remains to be seen. Please tell me

42、 you will come or not.He hasn t decided to go there. I ll go there time permits. Group4: 1. He differs from other children in he is strong-willed and generous. 2. No one really knows exactly when the first people arrived in we now know as California. Group5: 1. will preside the meeting has not been

43、decided. 2. breaks the law ought to be punished. 3. They think has a lot of knowledge will make more money in the future. 4. Parents shouldn t give their children ask for. 5. This is I want to tell you. 名词性从句专项练习 100 题 1. His success was because of he had been working hard. A. that B. the fact which

44、 C. the fact that D. the fact ” “I dont know B. from what city she come 2. “ Is Mary from New York City A. from what city does she come from C. what city does she come from D. what city she comes from 3. makes mistakes must correct them. C. Whoever D. Whatever A. What B. That a new job. 4. The reaso

45、n why I didnt go to Shanghai was A. because I got B. because of getting C. I got D. that I got 5. It worried her a bit A. while B. that C. if D. for 6. Henry killed the dog. Ill ask him why A. did he do that B. he did that C. he did D. he has done so 7. Have you seen Henry lately My boss wants to kn

46、ow A. how he is getting along B. how is he getting along C. what he is getting along D. what is he getting along 8. It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever 9. He asked me with me. A. what is the trouble B. what wrong was C. w

47、hat was the matter D. what trouble it is 10. I am sure he said is true. A. that B. about that C. of that D. that what 11. When and why he came here yet. A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not bee 12. I wonder how much A. does the watch cost B. did the watch cost her hair was t

48、urning grey. 13. Mary is D. the watch costs C. the watch costed someone might recognize her. 14. A. afraid of B. afraid about C. afraid that D. afraid for is no reason for dismissing her. A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late C. The fact that she was a few minutes late

49、 D. Being a few minutes late 15. They came to the conclusion by a computer. A. that not all things can be done B. because of not all things be done C. being not all things can be done D. because not all things can be done 16. Why the explosion occurred was the laboratory attendant had been careless.

50、 A. for B. because C. since D. that 17. I dont doubt hell come. A. that B. if C. what D. whether 18. “ Why did you go to the wrong class,Mr. Wang ” “ Well, I forget I was supposed to go to. A. which the room B. which room C. what was the roomD. what room was it 19. Output is now six times it was bef

51、ore liberation. A. that B. which C. what D. of which Mary : Helen is a mere washer woman, yet shes now buying a big house. Carol : Yes. Because shes always saved . A. what little she earnsB. how little she earns C. for little she earnsD. with little she earns surprised me most was such a little boy

52、of seven could play the violin so well. A. That what B. What thatC. That whichD. What which We gave him help we could. A. whichB. whatC. thatD. this She is pleased with what you have given him and you have told him. A. thatB. whichC. all whatD. all that Excuse me would you please tell me _ A. when t

53、he sports meet is taken place C. when is the sports meet to begin Do you happen to know A. what size shoes he wears C. what is the size of his shoes B. when is the sports meet going to be held D. when the sports meet is to take place B. how big shoes he wears D. what number shoes are his This book w

54、ill show you can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. how what you have observed D. how that you have observed C. hes gone D. was he C. that you have observed Where do you think A. has he gone B. has he been Do you know A. how many populations there are in the world B. how much pop

55、ulation there is in the world C. how many the population of the world isD. what the population of the world is Would you go and see outside A. what to take placeB. what Tom has happened C. what is happeningD. what the matter had been The subject of What is interesting is that I do not even know him.

56、 is. A. what B. interesting C. What is interesting D. I I think he is Charles. A. Who do you think he is B. Do you think who he is C. Whom do you think he isD. Do you think who he is He didnt know which room . A. they livedB. they lived inC. did they live The little boy ate his mother gave him. A. t

57、hatB. whichC. whatever The city is no longer . A. what it isB. that it used to beC. which it was My parents used they had to get a new car for me. A. whichB. thatC. what we go swimming every day us a lot of good. A. If doB. That doC. If does was the idea the wife thought of A. What thatB. That whatC

58、. How why did he tell his wife he wished to do D. did they live in D. no matter what D. what it used to be D. all what D. That does D. Why how One of the men held the view _ the book said was right. A. what that B. that what C. that which D. which that I have no idea _ or not he has finished the wor

59、k. A. if B. that C. whether D. which “ Do you know _ “ His father is a doctor. A. That what B. What that C. Where which D. Which where A. what is his fatherB. who is his father C. what his father is D. who his father is Is this we met each other two years ago A. placeB. place in whichC. whereD. plac

60、e which It Bob drives badly. A. thinks thatB. is thought whatC. thought thatD. is thought that We all know the truth there are air, water and sunlight there are living things. A. whereB. whereverC. thatD. that wherever They discussed they could settle the problem without others help. A. ifB. thatC.