语言学第四单元课后答案syntax树状图thes

1、syntax 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A tr

2、ee and a specifier. the appropriate Draw include 2. The following phrases a head, a complement, structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP

3、A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposalsNP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP In

4、fl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N What will you e talk about e d) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the m

5、an OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N V NP Det N The apple might hit the man e) He often reads detective stories. S NP VP N Qual V NP A N He often reads etective stories OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Pres N Qual V NP A N He often reads etective stories 4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various ty

6、pes. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures. a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A N Pst V NP Det A N A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane b) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP

7、Det A N Pst V PP P NP Det A N A huge moon hung in the black sky c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A N Pst V PP P NP Det N An unusual event occurred before the meeting d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A NP Pst V PP A N

8、 P NP Det A N A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill 5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S) NP VP N Aux V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pan

9、ts OR InflP(=S) NP VP N Infl V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothe

10、s and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pres VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics d

11、) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in. S S CON S NP VP NP VP Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv The detective went out and the mysterious man came in e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt. S NP VP CP N V C S S CON S NP VP NP VP N Aux V Det N Aux V Crusoe knows that sp

12、ring will come and the snow will melt6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. a) You know that I hate war. S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP NP N V N You know that I hate war

13、 OR CP C InflP(=S) NP Infl VP CP N Pres V C S NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate war b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over. S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP Det N VL A He said that Tom asked whether the class was over c) Gerry cant believe the fact that Anna flunked the Engl

14、ish exam. S NP VP N VP NP CP Aux Neg V NP C S Det N NP VP N V NP Det A N Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce. S NP VP CP N VL A C S NP VP Det N V NP NP N Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-

15、Royce e) The children argued over whether bats had wings. S NP VP CP Det N VP C S V P NP VP N V NP N The children argued over whether bats had wings 7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences. a) Th

16、e essay that he wrote was too long. Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP Infl VP N V NP N The essay he wrote that was too long Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP NP Infl VP N N Pst V NP N The essay that he wrote e was too long b) The dog that he keeps bites.

17、Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V C Infl S Pres NP VP N V NP N The dog he keeps that bites Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V C S NP NP Infl VP N N Pres V NP N The dog that he keeps e bites c) Herbert found the man she loved. Deep structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V NP CP Det N C S NP Infl V

18、P NP N V N Herbert found the man she loved who Surface Structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V NP CP Det N S C NP Infl VP NP NP N V N N Herbert found the man (whom) she loved e d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP P NP C Infl S N NP VP PP N

19、 Qual VP NP V P N The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP P NP C S N NP NP Infl VP PP N N Qual VP NP V P N The girl whom he often quarrels with e majors in linguistics 8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. a) Would you come tomorrow Deep structure CP C S VP NP AdvP N Infl V Adv you would come tomorrow Surface structure CP C S VP NP AdvP Infl N Infl V Adv would you e come tomorrow b)