山东专用2021届高考英语二轮复习专题五写作第三节第二讲概要写作技法指导课件20210313216

1、专题专题五五 写作写作 第三节概要写作 第二讲概要写作技法指导 微技能一三种文体的概要写作 一、议论文：“主题概括法” 议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作 者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论 点或提出建议的方式得出结论。 该概述的过程中尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可 以采用如下方法概括：“The writer of this article thinks that.”或者 你认为该材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说“Some people think.”，还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说 “The article gives the

2、 view that.”。 1议论文概要写作的注意点 (1)找出关键词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最 明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作 关键词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心，一般地说，关键词 通常是名词、动词或形容词。 (2)找出主题句 议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾 句。 (3)根据关键词和主题句进行改写 根据圈定的关键词和主题句进行改写，用相应的同义词进行 替换或进行句型转换，千万不能原封不动地抄写原文。 2议论文概要写作的常用开头语 (1)The passage/author argues that.本文/作者主张

3、 (2)The passage/author highlights the importance of.本文/作者强 调了的重要性。 (3)The passage/author discusses the impact of.本文/作者讨论 了的影响。 (4)The passage/author compares.with.本文/作者比较了 与 二、说明文：“段意合并法” 1说明文概要写作的类型 文章类型文章特点写作模板 事物说明 型 这种说明文最为常 见，主要是描写某 事物的性质和功用 “对象性质功用利好”模板： (In the passage)the writer introduces(对

4、象)to us性质或功 用对象带来的利好 问题解决 型 针对某个问题提出 解决方法或措施 “问题解决方法”模板： The passage tells us(问题)方法 1方法2方法3 现象解释 型 介绍某现象 及其原因和 结果 “现象原因结果”模板： The author/writer says/talks about(现象) 原因本质1原因本质2结果 2.说明文概要的常用开头语 (1)According to the passage，we can know.根据文章我们可 知 (2)This passage/article is mainly about.这篇文章主要是关 于 (3)In t

5、he passage，the writer/author mainly tells us.在这篇文章 中作者主要告诉我们 (4)A new study found.一个新的研究发现 (5)The purpose of the report is to show.这一报告的目的是表 明 三、记叙文：“要素串联法” 记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、 日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交代清楚六要素的内容， 即when，where，who，what，why，how(时间、地点、人物、事 件、原因、结果)，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情 的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，

6、让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间 的内在关联。我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好 地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意，用最简练的 语言来说明故事讲述了什么。其概要模板为： (1)点明写作目的类： The writer tells us.(主题)by showing us an example of.， who/which.(故事情节) (2)作者经历类： In the passage，the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing.，which. (3)他人经历类： This passage is mainly about

7、sb.s experience of doing. 微技能二如何找出段落主题句 将350词以内的文本浓缩成60词左右的概要，需要一个过程， 它大致是从文本整体的理解到各部分的概括再到整体的合成。首 先，我们需要整体阅读文本，准确而又快速地查找到各个段落的 主题句。 一、段落主题句概述 1议论文和说明文时常含有概括全段主要内容的句子，即段 落主题句(topic sentence)。 2段落主题句作为段落的核心句子，受到段落中其他句子的 支撑，即其他句子为段落主题句提供支持性细节。 3受英语开门见山、直切主题的表达特点的影响，段落主题 句多在段首。少数主题句可能出现在段中或段尾。 4不是所有的段落

8、都有现成的段落主题句，有的段落主题句 需要你根据段落内容予以归纳和概括。 二、段落主题句的特征 1如果段落包含让步状语，那么该句可能是主题句。包含让 步状语的句子常常采用如下句式： (1)Although A，B. (2)While A，B. (3)Despite A，B. (4)A，but B. (5)A，however，B. 这些句式中，更确切地说，B应是主题句。 例如：某段话的第一句：Despite the importance of the recruitment decision and range of sophisticated and more objective select

9、ion techniques available，including the use of psychometric tests， assessment centres，etc.，many organizations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30to45 minute unstructured interview. 2如果段落包含如下句式，那么它一般是主题句。 Doing something is not easy/complicated/difficult/complex. It is

10、 not easy/complicated/difficult/complex.to do something. How to do something. Methods/Ways/Measures of doing something. Tips/Suggestions/Advice on doing. 3如果段落采用如下句式，那么它往往是主题句。 Not only A，but also B. 更确切地说，A 句是上段的主题句，B肯定是这段的主题句。 例如：某段话的第一句：Diversity exists not only between cultures，but also within a

11、 single culture.如果本句用来承上启下，A 句往往是上一段的主题句，而B句才是这一段的主题句。 4如果段落中某句话用于举例，或者引用了某某说的话，那 它肯定不是主题句，它前面的句子才是主题句。用于举例或引用 的句子通常采用如下句式： AFor example/For instance，B. Asaid，B. A才是主题句。 5如果段落采用如下句式，那么它肯定是主题句。 A show(s)/suggest(s)/indicate(s).that B. The fact/trouble/problem.is that B. It is proved/believed that B.

12、从句B往往是要说明的观点，是该段话的主旨。 例如：某段话的第一句：Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce，Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that division of labor or family work are very rigid indeed. 6如果某段落的第一句是问句，那么它肯定

13、不是主题句，对 问题的回答才是主题句。 7如果某段落有表示结果的表达，那它肯定是主题句。 (1)so.that B；such.that B； (2)lead to/result in/contribute to B； (3)because/because of/on account of.，B. 更准确地说B是主题句。 【即时演练】 在各段找出含有本段主旨大意的句子。 A Many things may make you angry.You may get angry when something doesnt go your way.Maybe you get mad at yourself

14、 when you dont understand your homework or when your team loses an important game.Maybe your teacher gave you too much homework.Or maybe a friend borrowed your favorite video game and then broke it.That made you angry! 答案：Many things may make you angry. B Often no one looks more guilty than the inno

15、cent.On the other hand，nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So，it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance. 答案：So，it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearanc

16、e. C What is Standard English？Is it spoken in Britain，the US， Canada，Australia，India and New Zealand？However，there is no such thing as Standard English.Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is Standard English.This is because in the early days of radio，those who reported the new

17、s were expected to speak excellent English.However，on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak. 答案：However，there is no such thing as Standard English. 微技能三如何提炼关键词 60词左右的概要不允许照搬含有主题和支持性信息的原句。为 了使独立表达成为可能，你必须学会提炼关键词。提炼关键词主 要考查学生概括思想内容，提取关键信息的能力。说到底就是要 善于提取“核心信息”，善于提炼恰当的词语来表达内

18、容。关键 词一般是名词、动词、形容词，不会是虚词。 1“提炼”是一个弃芜存精的过程，因此要做到精炼，也就 是说提炼的结果是获取最精要的文字。 2首先要结合主旨大意，选取与文本主旨密切相关的词语。 它们通常是名词(短语)、动词(短语)和形容词(短语)等实词。这些 实词有可能以原词、代词、同义词、近义词或反义词的形式重复 出现，但提炼时不能重复关键词。 3提取关键词时，必须注意句子间的关系。不要在表达相同 或相近含义的句子里重复提取关键词，如议论文的段落中常有主 题句和结论句，结论句通常用不同的表达方式重申主题句的含义， 因此没必要在结论句中再次提取关键词。 4就主从复合句而言，关键词通常在主句部

19、分，而非从句 部分，但含有宾语从句的主从复合句例外，关键词应在宾语从句 部分。 1.画出该段的主题句。 2根据主题句，找出关键词。 _ _ _ Sometimes a person who is lying will not look you in the eye.Other times the person who is lying will try to look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are telling the truth.If someone does either of thes

20、e two things they might be lying. 主题句的主旨大意是通过观 察“what they do with their body”来判断一个人是否在撒 谎。下面的支持性信息里和 该主旨大意密切相关的实词 有 “_ _ _”，因此它们可以作为 关键词支持上面这个主题 句。 Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body. not look you in the eye” 和“look at you in a strong way 【即时演练】 找出

21、本文的主题句和关键词。 Human beings are smart.However，it seems that people are gradually losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives，reported news website Record Japan on Oct.22.As we rely too much on technology instead of our brains，many people have lost thre

22、e basic abilities，said the website. The first skill many people have lost is remembering phone numbers.Because phone numbers are stored in smartphone contacts， there is no need to dial a number or look at it again.And people may also have lost their sense of direction because navigation apps can gui

23、de people anywhere they want to go.These apps can even find shortest routes for you and avoid traffic jams.But the worst lost skills may be social ones，meaning that some people are becoming socially inept(无能的)People often bury themselves in their smartphones.As we are too addicted to whats happening

24、 in the virtual world，some of us have lost conversational skills and sometimes cant even tell whether a person is happy or not. Luckily，people still have a chance to get these abilities back.You should try to keep your parents number in mind for emergencies.You should also pay more attention to stre

25、et signs and stores，which will help you to draw a mind map and prevent you from getting lost.And the easiest solution to social skill loss is to take a break from electronic devices because we are social creatures.We need devicefree time. 主题句：_ _ _ 关键词： _ _ However，it seems that people are gradually

26、 losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives. lost three basic abilities，remembering phone numbers， have a chance to get these abilities back，devicefree time. 微技能四简化与合并信息 概要写作要求用60词左右概括一篇350词左右的文章，因此需 要对冗杂的信息进行简化和合并，以达到概括的目的。简化和合 并信息可以采用下列几种技巧。 1删除细

27、节：剔除细节信息，只保留主干内容。 In addition，if the school buys automatic hand dryers，we can save money.There is a terrible waste of paper towels in the restrooms. Additionally，it can help the school save money. 2简化描述：把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子：如果材 料中描述某人或某事用了好几个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一 两句即可。 There were 30 cows on the farm that his g

28、randmother had to milk every day.It was hard work for his grandmother. His grandmother worked hard milking 30 cows daily. 3避免重复：在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复， 应该删除或者合并这些重复信息。 They were waiting for the meeting to begin.They talked with each other.They talked about the womens football team.The team had won vict

29、ories in Guangzhou. While waiting for the meeting to begin，they talked about the victories won by the womens football team in Guangzhou. 4压缩长句：有些句子比较冗长，可以进行压缩和简化，使 之简洁。 His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lionlike. He was very brave in battle. 5使用词组代替整句或者从句： Beautiful mountain

30、s like Mount Tai，Lushan Mountain，and Mount Huang，were visited by only a few people in the past.Today， better wages，holidays with pay，new hotels on these mountains， and better train and bus services，have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. Beautiful mou

31、ntains like Mount Tai，once visited by only a few people，are today accessible to many，thanks to better wages， paid holidays，new hotels and better transportation services. 6使用概括性的词代替具体的词： She brought home several Chinese and English novels，a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks.She inten

32、ded to read all of them during the winter vocation. She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation. 7运用主从复合句合并信息：主从复合句即我们常用的名词 性从句、状语从句和定语从句。可根据信息的不同作用选择不同 的从句合并信息。 Well also spend some fun time together，singing，dancing and playing games.We hope it will make them happy. Well also spend

33、some fun time together，which we hope will make them happy. 8运用同位语合并信息：对人物、事物、地点做出解释的信 息可采用在名词后面插入同位语的方式合并。 Li is a new student.He comes from a southern province.He speaks a dialect.We find it hard to understand his dialect. Li，a new student from a southern province，speaks a dialect which is hard for

34、 us to understand. 【即时演练】 请简化并合并下列各句信息 1Motionsensing hand dryers are a practical alternative to paper towels(纸巾)I believe that our school would benefit from investing in automatic hand dryers in all the restrooms. _ _ Compared with paper towels，hand dryers have more advantages，which will benefit ou

35、r school. 2You can obtain a large amount of information on the Internet nowadays. _ 3Dairy cows were raised on the farm，which was located 200 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote. _ _ Abundant information is available on the Internet. The dairy farm was located i

36、n a remote area，200 kilometers from the nearest university. 4In the fall，not only did the cows have to be milked，but also the hay was mowed by my grandfathers family. _ _ 5Although a lot of people were strongly against it，three more nuclear power stations were built. _ _ In the fall，my grandfathers

37、family not only milked the cow but also mowed the hay. Another three nuclear power stations were built despite the strong opposition. 6Besides，one has to consider who he is spending the holiday with. _ 7A private American organization called Population Action International(PAL)has just conducted a s

38、tudy and says more than 335 million people，who mostly live in poor areas，do not have enough water for daily life and work. _ _ Another consideration is the companion. According to a study，more than 335 million people，mostly living in poor areas，are suffering from water shortage. 附： 概要写作词汇积累 一、概要写作常用

39、连接词 1顺接、递进：firstly/secondly/thirdly，besides，in addition， whats more，whats worse，whats more important，moreover，also， finally，last but not least 2转折：but，however，nevertheless，yet，instead，on the other hand，on the contrary，although，while 3原因：because，because of，since，as，for，now that，thanks to，due to 4结果：s

40、o，therefore，as a result，so that，then，so.that， such.that 5总结：to sum up，to conclude，in conclusion，in summary，in a word，in general，in short，above all，after all，generally speaking 二、概要写作常用词语 1提出问题 (1)现象：more and more/an increasing number of people，some argue/believe that，there exist(s)，phenomenon/issue/

41、appearance， occur/happen，be set up/be established/be founded，consist of (2)影响：play an important role in，have a positive effect on，do much good to，do harm/damage to，harmful effects，at risk/in danger of，influence，have trouble/difficulty doing (3)变化：start，set up，develop，change，grow/become，vary， differe

42、nt，substitute.for，improve (4)作用：be meant/used/intended to，function/work well，is applied， application (5)举例：for example，such as，and so on，some.，others. 2分析问题 (1)原因：as，because of/due to，the problems are caused by， reasons why，account for，result from，be connected/associated with (2)结果：as a result，lead

43、to/result in/contribute to，is likely to cause， therefore，consequence 3解决问题 (1)提倡：make some suggestions，should/are supposed to，it is vital/important/necessary to，control，focus on，call on the public to.，advocate doing，deal with (2)避免：do not，however，it is not a good idea/not advisable to， pay much atte

44、ntion to，should be banned (3)目的：to be better recognized，to draw ones attention，to reduce the problems caused by，to produce more goods (4)想法：believe that，point out that，involve，still insist that，be aware of the importance 三、概要写作增分的同义词语替换 概要写作不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如 果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替 换。 1认

45、为，断言：think，believe，argue，hold，state，claim， suppose，assume，personally，as for me，as far as I am concerned， for my part 2许多：a large number of，a large amount of，a considerable number of，a host of，dozens of，scores of，a majority of(大部分 的)，a minority of(小部分的) 3如今，目前：nowadays，at present，recently，currently，i

46、n recent decades 4越来越：increasing，growing 5重要，必要，关键，根本，意义重大：important，necessary， essential，vital，influential，principal，fundamental，elementary， significant，key，leading，major 6关注，重视，强调，优先考虑，把放首要位置：highlight， pay attention to，attract，raise.concern，call for.concern，attach importance to，give priority to，l

47、ay emphasis/stress on 7不予重视，忽视，低估：overlook，ignore，neglect， underestimate，secondary in importance 8赞成，支持：applaud，favor，advocate，in favor of，be side with，in agreement with，go for 9反对：oppose，protest，frown(皱眉)，object to，go against， disagree with，opponent(反对者) 10常常：often，frequently，always 11热点问题，关注的问题：a

48、heated topic，a burning problem，a matter of concern，a subject of fierce debate 12归因于，源自：attribute to，result from，be associated with， arise from，derive from，grow from，a source of 13因为，由于：due to，thanks to，owing to，because of，be responsible for 14导致，造成：contribute to，lead to，result in，bring about， create

49、，give rise to，cause，generate，promote 15往往，表趋势：tend to，be inclined to，have a tendency to 16可能：may，perhaps，be likely to，possibly，it is very likely that.，it is predicted that.(预测) 17发生，出现，产生：take place，occur，arise，bring about， create，cause，emerge，turn out，work out 18证明，证实：confirm，prove，justify，verify 1

50、9偶尔：occasionally，sometimes，once in a while，on some occasions 20有影响：affect，have an effect/impact/influence on 21不管，尽管：no matter.，regardless of，despite，in spite of 22塑造，培养：cultivate，develop，foster，shape，build 23增强：promote，strengthen，enhance，intensify，amplify 24接触到：expose.to，have/get access to 25明显，突出：

51、 striking，noticeable，remarkable，obvious， apparent，evident，significant 26优点，优势：strength，advantage，benefit，positive 27缺点，弱势：fault，flaw，weakness，downside，drawback， disadvantage，negative 28如果，假设：if，imagine that，provided that，suppose that， on condition that 29破坏，损害，有害：destroy，damage，spoil，ruin， undermine

52、，endanger，do harm to 30阻碍，妨碍：block，keep.from，obstacle to，barrier to 31合理的，可行的，恰当的：reasonable，sensible，appropriate， proper，sound 32有益的，有帮助的：beneficial，helpful，favorable 33伴随：along with，together with，be accompanied by 34关于：about，in terms of，with regards to，as to 35呈现，展现，描述：show，display，illustrate，exhi

53、bit， describe，demonstrate，point to the fact that. 36很大地，非常地(表示程度)：significantly，considerably， surprisingly，greatly，highly，hugely，largely，entirely，badly 刷题组题型突破_即时演练_巩固复习成果 概要写作 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 A (2020杭州四校联考)Most people around the world are right handed.This fact also seems to have held tr

54、ue throughout history.In 1977，scientists studied works of art made at various times in history.Most of the people shown in these works of art are righthanded，so scientists guessed that righthandedness has always been common.But what do Leonardo da Vinci，Marie Curie，and Albert Einstein have in common

55、？They were all lefthanded，along with other famous people including Brad Pitt，Prince William，and Barack Obama.In fact，an estimated 13 percent of the worlds population may be lefthanded. Many researchers claim to have found relationships between lefthandedness and various physical and mental character

56、istics，such as blond hair，blue eyes，and sleep difficulties.Other studies have found a higherthannormal level of lefthanded people in certain occupations(职业)，including professional baseball players， architects，as well as prisoners.However，some of these connections are very weak，and others have not be

57、en proven. What makes a person become righthanded rather than lefthanded？One simple idea suggests that people normally get righthandedness from their parents.Studies have found that two righthanded parents have only a 9.5percent chance of having a lefthanded child，while two lefthanded parents have a

58、 26percent chance of having a lefthanded child.Another common theory is that lefthanded people suffer mild brain damage during birth，which makes them lefthanded. Whatever the reasons behind it，peoples attitudes toward lefthandedness have changed a lot over the years.Statistics show that although 13

59、percent of young people are lefthanded，only six percent of the elderly are lefthanded.Lefthanded children used to be punished until they began using their right hand like other children，but today people who are lefthanded are no longer looked down on nor are they considered abnormal.For most people

60、today，either case is perfectly acceptable.There are even a number of shops now selling products for lefthanded people，such as lefthanded can openers，guitars，and even a lefthanded camera. _ _ _ _ 语篇解读本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“左撇子 (lefthanded)”这一现象、左撇子形成的原因以及人们对“左撇子” 态度的变化。 要点1：第一段首先介绍了世界上的大部分人是右撇子，然后 用一个问句引出了世界