曼哈顿GMAT系列SC笔记

1、、语法和语义 Grammar and Meaning1. Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard WrittenEnglish?2. Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the authors intendedmeaning?Meaning Errors1. Choose your wordsEg: right: The court declared that Jack must pay full damagesWrong: The court declared t

2、hat Jack should pay full damages explanation: on the GMAT exam, the word ”should”only mean “moralobligation ”s,omething the court cannot impose.2.Place your words3.Match your words （主语和谓语在一起要有意义 ）4.Avoid Redundancya. GMAT 考试中很常见的一种累赘错误是在一个句子中使用了两个意思重复的词语。例如： The value of the stock rose by a 10%incre

3、ase .Right: The value of the stock rose by 10%b. 要注意时间的表达词语。尤其是当一个时间表达未被划线，或者两个表达相同时间的词语看起来不同精品文库练习:1. (choose word) No matter how much work it may require, getting a MBA degree turns out to be a wise inv estme nt.替换： Even though it requires much work,解析：原句要表达的意思是，不论主语花费的工作量有多大，它都是一个明智 的投资(may是关键词)；

4、而替换句中把may去掉，意思变为“即使它要求很大工作量，它是一个明智的投资。因此替换句改变了原句的意思。Tip:当划线句中有情态动词时，必须格外注意，如果选项中没有对应意思的情 态动词，那么一般为错选。2. (P lace word)The driver took the people for a ride who had bee n wait ing. 替换：the people who had been waiting for a ride.解析：虽然替换句更正了原句中who指代不明的情况，但是却改变了作者的意思。正确修改为：The people who had been waiting

5、were taken for a ride by the driver.3. (choose word)Risi ng costs to raw materials may impel us to rise p rices farther 替换：costs of raw materials may imp ale us to raise p rices further.解析：将”to”换为”of”正确,表示raw material花费的钱；raise替换rise正确， raise后面直接跟宾语，而rise通常用在没有直接宾语的语境中，如interest rose in May.将farther

6、替换为further正确，farther指距离，further指某事的程度； 然而，用imp ale替换impel是错误的，imp ale表示将某物钉在某物上 4. (pl ace word) She is the most dedicated garde ner on the block, every day wateri ng the more tha n 50 plants in her yard.替换：every day watering more than the 50 plants in her yard.原句的more than修饰50 plants,而替换句中 more tha

7、n提到the 50 plants前面， 意思变为：她不仅仅watering，而且还做其他的工作。9. Electr onic devices can distract driver.10. Many directors sus pect that man agers are atte mp ti ng to con ceal the exte nt of losses at the company.累赘表达为 have the suspicion, are suspicious about)11. They are ready for whatever may happen. ( in rea

8、d in ess)12. The senator read her speech hastily.赘述为 in haste, with haste)13. A tasty cake will not last long in a room full of hungry childre n.(赘述为 A cake that is tasty will not last for a long time in a room full of children who are hun gry)技巧：主谓一致和代词最容易辨别， 所以有些情况下能帮助迅速 判断选项欢迎下载40二、Subject and Ve

9、rb -Agreement1.只有and可以使单数名词变为复数，其他的 additive phrases （如along with, together with, in additi on to, as well as, acco mpanied by)无此功能。Eg: There are a desk and a toy around the corner2.Neithernor和either or采用就近原则3.GMAT 中，collective nouns (集合名词)almost always singular4.Indefinite pronouns: usually singula

10、r.以-one, -thing, -body, 结尾的都是单三5.Subject p hrase and clauses: always sin gular.Eg: Doi ng it mea ns a lot to me.Right:Right:Some of the mon巳丫 WAS stolen from my wallet, money Is singulai)Some ofthe documents WERE stolen from the bank, (documeuti is p luralj6.In many idlnmadc expiessions that designa

11、re quantinFs o匸 p亶fts, such as a nnmber 妨 the subject of the entente is in an(yprepositionai phrase 1 bese expressions providc ibic 卬空曲on to the lule that the subject cannot be in a pr亡 p ositional p hiise We have seen the SAN AM p ronouns as examples of this phenomenon. Other examples include fract

12、ions and peicents:-Half of the Dig ISbluebenyand half of the slices ARE already goneThe woicU majority,and plurality are either singulai or pluial, ciwp ending on their context. Ifyou v4nt to indicate the many individual pajtw of the totality, use a. pluiai verb If you want to indicate the totality

13、itself, then use a singulai verb formThe majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers.In the Sen at 巳 the mmionty HAS coalmsfed into a unified voting block.三、Parallelism平行结构a. Defin iti on: the comp arable sentence must be structurally and logicallysimilar.b. By spotting P arallel Markers

14、 to know whether one sentence requires a p arallelism.MarkersStructuresExa mp lesAndX and YBoth a ndBoth X and YOrX or YEither orEither X or YNot butNot X but YNot only but alsoRather tha nX rather than YFrom toFrom X to YAnd, But, Or are the most imp orta nt markersc. And.注意事项 If you join 2 clauses

15、 with and. you can put an optionalcomma before thea nd.Doi ng so is especiallyrecommended when theclauses are long.in depe ndent. or both.Eg: I really like can dy. and I eat them ofte n.Treat any linking verbs as p arallelism markers. Make the subject and object p arallelTp BeOchet Linking Verbsisap

16、pearseemarebecomesmellwasfeelsoundweregrowstayamlooktastebeenremainturnberep rese ntbeingresembled. P arallelism ElementsAlmost anything in a senience can be made parallel to a simikt Fgr生型 旳空Elejneiiti1FxaiiipksiNounsHer expression reflected BOTH 舶於【AND rgM.AdjectivesI1The park was NEITHER a広eS5ibl

17、g NOR affordable We cotlected BOTH second- AND third-qrade booksi VethsThe custodian cleaned The basement AND washed the windows1InfinitivesLCrWe would like NOT ONLY to hear your side of the story BUT ALSO ta rovide a rsponsePaiticiplesThe actor left auickiv. shunnina fans AND du匚kina into a caLP rc

18、positionai PhrasesIt was important to leave the monev in the drawer RATHER THAN on the table(Note： the p圮posirions do 血 always have to be the same)Subordiiiine Thev contended that the committee was biased AMD that it should Clausesbe disbanded!1.主句的谓语动词可以引发一系列单词，第二个平行结构的be动词和介词可以省略Cities are stress

19、ing the arts as a means to greater econo mic devel opment and inv est ing millio ns of dollars in cultural activities.The railroad can either lose more money or solve its problems.从句平行这类结构必须从从句的连接词开始，以消除歧义比如， 1. He wantsJp clea n the house, wash cloth, and go shopping.2.3.4.比如，After I retire, I want

20、 to live in pl ace where I can breath clea n air and where the tax is low.e. Certain idioms demand p arallelism as a result of their structure.X Acts As 丫Distinguish X From YX Es the Same As YAsXSoYEstimate X To Be YX is good, and So Too is YBetween X And YX Instead Of yX, Such As (example)Compared

21、To X. VX is Known To Be YThink Of X As YConsider X YX is Less Than YXisThoughtToBeYIn Contract To X, YMake X YView X AsYDeclare X YMistake X For YWhether X Or YX Develops Into YNot Only X)But Also Y(the comma is optional)X Differs From YRegard X As Yf. Sup erficial Parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism

22、在将一个语法结构化成（结构）平行前，必须先搞清楚其各要素在逻辑上是否平 行。例如，Joy dedicates himself in new job, going to work early, lunching regularly, and leaving office lately. Going, lunching,和 leaving 是对 dedicates的一个解释说明, 其逻辑主语为Joy。根据这个句子的meaning,不能将dedicate和后面三个动词 当成是一系列并列平行的动作。P roblem Set.5.Researchers have found a corre

23、lati on betwee n exercise and good grades.Although we were sitt ing in the bleachers, the baseball game was as excit ing to us as to the peopleMany teachers choose to seek employment in the suburbs rather tha n face low salaries in the cityA good ni ghtslee p not only gives your body a cha nee to re

24、st, but also en ergizes you.The joi nt bus in ess ven ture will in crease empio yee satisfact ion and imp roverelati ons betwee n A and B.6. The museum dis pl ays the work of a wide variety of artists, from those who are world-re nowned to those who are virtually unknown.7. The exp erie nces we have

25、 错: when childre n) in childre n in flue nee our behavior in adulthood.11. The band chose n for the annual spring con cert app ealed to both the stude nt body and the adm ini strati on. both A and B12. Tobacco companies, shaken by a string of legal setbacks in the United States, but which retain str

26、o ng growth prosp ects in the devel oping world, face an un certa in future.正确修改： which have bee n shake n by a stri ng13. Voters want to elect a p reside nt who genuin ely cares about health care, the environment, and the travails of ordinary men and women, and who has the exp erie nee, wisdom,14.

27、The consultant is looking for a caf where there are comfortable chairs and that pro vides free internet access.that has修改：通过 and可以看出此句应为两个名词性从句的平行，所以comfortable chairs应为最优表达四、Pronouns原则（做题思路）：1. 先行词必须存在，即我们要指代的那个先行词必须在句子中以名词的形式存 在。（警惕名词作形容词的陷阱）例如：The park ran gers discussed measures to p reve nt sev

28、ere wildfire, which could be dangerous to it. It原本应该指代 park, 但是 park放在ranger前面作为一个定 语成分，不是名词。2. 先行词和指代词的搭配必须有意义（whether the antecedent and pronoun agreelogically）。the term” supercompute”，但把它放到这句话的第二部分中后发现 正确修改：it sim ply refers to an fast -例女口 , Although the term” supercompute” may sound exaggerated

29、, it is simply an fast main frame that can execute trillio ns of calculatio ns every sec ond.找到先行词， 没有意义。通常会利用我们“想当然”的思维方式来设置陷阱，比如此题中,Note: GMAT我们当然理解作者的意思（即原句中的i指的是supercomputer），但是这在语法 结构却是错误的。一定要形成一个习惯：把指代词换成前面的antecedent看看是否能得到一个有意义有逻辑的句子。3. Antecedent and pronoun must agree in number两者在数量上一致4.

30、最容易出错的五个第三人称代词：it, its, they, their, them 这五个代词指代同名同物！5.a. 在 GMAT 中，this，these, that, those不能单独指代名词。例如，This is great这种表达在GMAT里是模糊的。b. This, these, that, thos刖以作为形容词放在名词前面进行指代例如： New” nano-papers incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.c.以下单词可以独立使用来替代名词：it, they, them （指代同名同物）；如果想 使用 th

31、at 或 those,必须 modify that or those to make them new copies 例如：The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.spent by her children”来修饰that，以此结合来代替名词然而，在使用that或者those的时候，必须要与其前面的先行词在数量上保持一 致例如：Some people believe that the ben efits of a healthy diet outweigh that of regular ex

32、ercise.代词that使用错误，因为先行词benefits是复数，因此应该用thoseWrong: Her p roducts are unu sual; many con sider these unique. Right: Her p roducts are unu sual; many con sider them unique.7.模糊歧义的情况及其修正第一种 情况： 先看一个 例子： Researchers claim to have developed new” nano-papers incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which the

33、y allege give them the stre ngth of cast iron.我们一般会想当然的认为 they指代researchers, them指代nano-papers.然而，类 似这种指代的混乱转换在GMAT中是不允许！修改方法之一是同时去掉这两个代词f,which allegedly give these materials thestre ngth of cast iron, accord ing to the researchers.第二种情况：一个句子中只有一个代词，然而其前面却有多个名词的情况。 英语本身允许这种“模糊“的存在，因此，GMAT也会允许潜在意义上的

34、代词模 糊。例子 1: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but bysyn thesiz ing heavy chemical eleme nts, they p rovide the uni verse with the p ossibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.Sup ernovas是第一个句子的主语，they也出现在第二句主语的位置上， 我们很清 楚的知道they指代supernovas,即supernovas是prov

35、ide的发出者。GMAT允许 这种情况的指代存在。例子 2： The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determ ine how muchthey may have bee n improp erly awarded.GAMT会认为they的使用是正确的。更严谨的表达是用these executives替代they 主语是一个句子里最重要的名词，因此就像这个句子展示的，主语一般会成为最 好的先行词。7.如果做题时遇到两个选项完全一样，除去一个选项用了代词，另一

36、个选项用 的是原词，那么优先选择后一个练习：1. Jim may not be elected CEO by the board because he does not mitet sta ndards. Its可以用作集合名词的代词五、Modifiers1.形容词和副词。a. 形容词只修饰名词和代词，副词可以修饰除名词和代词以外的任何句子成 分。b. GMAT中经常出现的两种修饰组合：adj+adj+n.（两个形容词同时修饰一个 名词）和adv+adj+n.（副词修饰形容词、形容词修饰名词）。这两种组合表 达的意思不一样。比如： wrong: James Joyce is MaXssuppo

37、sedly Irish ancestor.Right： James Joyce is MaXssupposed Irish ancestor.但我们确定的是James一个爱尔supposedly来修饰irish便是错虽然我们不确定James是不是Max的祖先， 兰著名作家）一定是爱尔兰人，那么第一句用 误的。rare, recent, seeming, separate.c. corresponding, frequent, independent,significant, supposed, usual,这些是在GMAT里出现过的、后面加“ly”变成副 词的形容词2. Position of

38、 Noun ModifiersTvdc / First WordsP ositjonr 1Ad/ectiveBefoiie nounAfter nounP repositionAfter noun卩曲c PajcicipleBefore nounAfter nniinPj esent Pa: nd pie whhour commasBefore nounAfter nounRelacive PronounAfter nounAnother NounBefore nounA her nounExampleThe LAZY cat took a napThe 述 LAZ from Qvermati

39、nq, took a napThe 型 ON the couch took a napThe TIRED st took a napTIRED fmm chasing mg the 型 took a nap,The Q TIRED from 工having mice, took a napThe SLEEPING 口t took a napThe 宜 SLEEPING on thg ritg is named 警ue The grey 述 WHICH loves tuna, took a nap.The ST 帀枫 next dopr 諒 noisyThe pe阳on WHO lives nm

40、xt door is noisyThe oty WHERE 11龊 Is noisyA LOVER of mice, my 墜 hunts night and day The a TAB8Y raed on 曰 f萌nx took a nap先问问自己它修饰的名词是谁。然后确保这当我们看到名词性修饰词组时，个修饰符合“ touch rule”原则a. 女口果 modifiers 挨着另一个名词，misp laced modifiersEg: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the w

41、oods.b. 如果我们想修饰的名词不在句子里，7 dangling modifiers.Eg: Resig ned to the bad n ews, there was no commotio n in the officeResig ned作为过去分词修饰组，后面应该有一个具体的人修正： Resigned to the bad news, the officer made no commotion.C.GMAT考试中，经常会设置一个现在分词形式的modifier在句子开头(opening modifier)，制造 dangling 的情况。Un like noun modifiers,

42、the verb modifiers do not have to touch the subject Avoid long seque nces of modifiers that modify the same noun. Pu tt ing twoA.B.long modifiers in a row before or after a noun can lead to awkward or in correct p hras in gs.典型例子 Eg: wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences acr

43、oss the n ati on, who also struggled p ublicly with drug abuse, in flue need and inspired a gen eratio n of comedia ns.错误之一就是 noun modifier- “ who ”没有 紧邻主语。Better: Both shock ing and en terta ining audie nces across the n ati on, George Carlin, who also struggled p ublicly with drug abuse, in flue n

44、eed and insp ired a gen erati on of comedia ns.Best: Both shock ing and en terta ining audie nces across the n ati on, George Carlin in flue need and inspired a gen erati on of comedia ns, eve n as he struggled3. Noun Modifiers with Relative Pronounsa.b.c.d.e.Which（只能修饰物）that（不能修饰人）who whose （可人可物）w

45、hom where whenwhich or whom 有时候会跟着介词，比如：the canal through which waterflows; the sen ator for whom we work forwho is used as the subject of the verb in a relative clause, whereaswhom is used as the object of the verb or of a prep ositi on.Eg: The security guard who we met was ni cewhom当被修饰的名词是修饰句的宾语时

46、，引导词that或whom可以被省略比如：The movie（that） we watched last night was touchingwhere只能被用来修饰具体存在的地点名词，如口 area, site, country.不 能修饰抽象名词， 女口 condition, situation, case, circumstances.用 in which来修饰这些名词。在表示发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用that引导宾语的同位语从句是比较好的结构。从句可以很清楚地说明现象、理论的内容，避免大量的介系词、代词，使句子简单清晰。4. Essential vs. Non-Essential

47、 Noun Modifiers限制性非限制性）名词修饰要么是必要的，要么是不必要的先来体会一个例子：Esse ntial: The mansion pain ted red is owned by Lee.Non-esse ntial: This mansion, pain ted red, is owned by Lee.第二句中，this已经告诉我们那一幢大厦是 Lee的，我们不需要再加上painted red去辨别。5. Verb Modifiers作用：修饰动词，用来回答解释主语的动词，比如“ how, whe n, where, why. Etc” 最基本的动词修饰语是副词。TVpe

48、 / Firsc WordsPosidonExampleAdverbBefore veibFREQUENTLY, t walk to the store1 FREQUENTLY walk to the storeAfter veib1 walk8 the store FREQUENTLY.Prep oskiotiBefore vexbON Mondays. 1 walk to the storeAfter veib1 walk to the store ON Mondays*SubordinamrBefore veil?WHEN mv car is broken, 1 walk to the

49、storeAfter verb1 waEk to the store WH EN mv car is broken.Some verb mndiAcrs may ipply to both the verb and. the veib s subject In these you must make sure that the subject makes sense with the jnodifierType / First WbfdsPlesent Paiticiple withcommasPD5itionBefbie verbExampkWHISTLING日t 也I lifted the

50、 weightPtep Qsition + SimpleGerundAftei veibBefoie verbI lifted the weight WHISTLING B 閃 tit”BC：OhiCE忖TRATING, I lifted the weightInfinitive of PurposeAftei verbBefoie vcibAftei vecbI lift the weight BY COMFNTRATINGTO FREE my 佢g, 1 lifed the weightI lifted the weight TO FREE myimg6. Which vs. Presen

51、t Partici ple-ngWhich只能用来指代前面紧邻的名词,永远不能指代前面整个句子例子： Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our community, which has led to a rise in prop erty values.是这件事促成了 property values的增加，而不是 our community，此处用 which 显然不合逻辑。修改：The recent decrease in crime has led to the rise of property values.The crime has decr

52、eased recently in our community, leading to a rise in property values. (this use of -ng form works best when we want to express the result of the main clause)练习：5. Mary buys cookies made with SugarFree, an artificial sweetener, which tastes as sweet as the corn syrup that her brother loves but where

53、 there are fewer calories tha n in an equivale nt amount of corn syrup.an artificial sweetene”作为同位语名词修饰 sugargree正确；which tastesloves这个从句修饰 sugarfree，作为一个 noun modifier,根据 touch rule，它应该紧邻sugarfree,但是通常允许在这两者中间插入一个同位语；where there are corn syrup” 错误，原因有:1， sugarfree不能用 where来 修饰，应该用that或which, 2.不与前一

54、个从句平行。 所以应该修改为which contains fewer calories tha n does an8. People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains, show little res pect for other p asse ngers.分析：作者想要表达的意思是，那些大声打电话的人对其他旅客一点都不尊重。 而原文的表达结构传达出的意思是，人们，说话大声，对旅客一点不尊重。即它 没有突出是“什么样的”人对其他旅客不尊重。因此，要去掉逗号，变成限制性 定语从句。七、Verb Tense, Mood

55、and Voice动词语气：作者对某一动作的理解及对策。陈述语气和虚拟语气。 动词语态：指示谁做了某一动作。主动语态和被动语态1. Sim pie Tenses GMAT typ ically p refers the sim pie ten ses.2. Progressive Tense:a. 用一般现在时表达客观规律或现象，或定义。不要用现在进行时b. 在GMAT考试中，不能用现在进行时表示未来的动作，虽然这样的表达在口 语中是可以的3. Make the tense reflect autho meaning.4. The Perfect Tenses:a. Present Perfe

56、ct: Still in EffectForm: have/has+ p ast p artici pieTHE ACT ION or its EFFECTA moment in the pajtNOW第一种情况：描述一个动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在 例子：This country has enforced the strict law for thirty years.第二种情况：过去发生的动作虽然现在已经停止了，但是它的影响一直持续到现在，这个时候也用现在完成时例子：The child has drawn a picture on the wall.这个孩子已经不再画了，但是那 副画还在墙上。The child draw a picture on the sand, but the ocea n has erased it.孩子过去在沙滩 上画了幅画，但是海水已经把它冲蚀了（过去开始冲蚀