酒店业英文文献及翻译

1、 本科生毕业论文外文文献hotel industrypeople have been making a living by providing rooms for travelers ever since the first lodging houses were built to accommodate travelers in ancient times. today, hotels offer far more than just a room for travel increased. motels, resort hotels, and convention hotels have

2、been developed to cater to the varied needs of todays traveling public. at the same time, hotel chains have established themselves as the dominant force in the industry.motels in the united states evolved from the roadside tourist cabins and tourist courts that were first introduced in the early 199

3、0s in response to the increase in travel. as the automobile began to replace the train as the primary means of travel in the united states, there was an increased demand for roadside accommodations. the first motels began to appear in the 1920s and were usually one-storey buildings, with an average

4、of twenty-five units or rooms.motels really came of age during the 1950s. two main factors contributed to the boom in motel construction. one was the development of the interstate highway system, beginning in 1956. the other was the first time, added a number of services. restaurant swimming pools,

5、and in-room television became standard features.the next step in the development of the motel industry was the move away from highway locations into the downtown sections of large cities. with the increase in air travel, motor hotels also began to move out to the airports.a resort hotel is one that

6、people visit for relaxation, recreation, and entertainment. the idea of the resort hotel was born in the 18th and 19th century europe. splendid hotels were built along the french riviera in the swiss alps, and at various mineral springs throughout the continent. the resort hotel in the united states

7、 developed with the expansion of the railroads in the second half of the nineteenth century. all catered exclusively to the rich and to the upper middle class. families stayed for two or three months and returned to the same hotels year after year.with the rise in mass tourism, resort hotels have be

8、en established in greet numbers at destinations throughout the world. some of these luxury resort hotels have survived, but today they are heavily outnumbered by resort hotels that cater to ordinary people who stay from days to weeks. with increased leisure time and higher wages, many people now tak

9、e at least one vacation away from home each year. the jet airport has opened up areas of the world that were previously inaccessible to the vacationer. resort hotel construction boomed in tropical area such as the caribbean and hawaii.a convention hotel is one that caters to large group gatherings.

10、the rise of convention hotels has been one of the developments in the hotel industry, and conventioneers now account for almost 20 percent of all hotel guests. many downtown hotels saw occupancy levels drop during the 1950s and early 1960s as motels captured a larger segment of the market. in respon

11、se, some hotels began to add facilities for conventions or other group gatherings as a means of survival. at first, conventions were scheduled for off-peak periods, but as the volume of convention business increased, they began to be scheduled year-round.the business of large hotels that cater exclu

12、sively to convention groups began going up in the major cities in the later 1960s. they all feature a wide variety of restaurants, banquet rooms, meeting rooms, and convention and exhibition halls. resort hotels, motels and airport hotels have also begun to offer convention facilities.the arrival of

13、 the jet age led to the second major hotel building period of the twentieth century, lasting from 1958 to 1974. in the early part of this period, the hotel chains major goals in planning new properties were economy, efficiency, and standardization of design. a sheraton hotel in miami, for example, m

14、ight be almost identical to one nearly 3,000 miles away in los angeles. by the late 1960s, however, there was a reaction against this uniformity of design and new hotel architecture was born. the opening of the hyatt marked a return to the grandeur of the old luxury hotels. scenic elevators, fountai

15、ns, waterfalls, trees, huge sculptures, and bars and cafes are included in the lobby so that it was no longer just a place for registration and checkout; it also became the main eating, drinking, and meeting area. the success of the atlanta hyatt regency led to the building of similar atrium hotels

16、in cities and combine commercial, office, and hotel facilities with sports and recreational facilities.the small country inn is a type of lodging place that has survived by offering increased service and facilities. in fact, many turn away from such modern conveniences as in-room television, radios,

17、 and telephones. instead, they offer the attraction of old world charm and coziness in a scenic or historic setting. guests might expect to find working fireplaces in their rooms, handmade quilts on their beds, and antique furniture throughout the inn. many of the inns are direct descendants of the

18、old inns and taverns that flourished along stagecoach routes 200 years ago. the smaller country inns, sometimes with as few as three or four rooms, are usually run by friendly couples who pride themselves on the comfort and cleanliness of their accommodations and the quality of the food that they se

19、rve.some of the larger chain hotels (e.g. holiday inns) use the name inn. motor inns, however, should not be confused with country inns. the chains use the name to suggest a feeling of warmth and friendliness, though their properties quite different from the more intimate country inns.for centuries,

20、 the hotel business could well business could well be described as a cottage industry, because each hotel was a privately-owned, independent enterprise. occasionally, a well-know hotel would successfully produce a few namesakes under the same management, but such examples were few. the first notable

21、 exception was the caesar ritz group. e. m. statler was the first to point out the economic and financial advantages of operating several large hotels under a single management. despite statlers success, the chain concept was slow to catch on in the period between the two world wars. later on, conra

22、d hilton, in particular, became the originator contributing to the growth of the hotel management company. kemmons welson and wallace johnson, founders of holiday inn, fully enriched the chain concept by franchising the holiday inn name and establishing a national reservation network.the chains have

23、 expanded in a number of ways. one is through direct investment. it means that the headquarters corporation itself puts up the necessary fund to build and operate a new hotel or to buy and renovate an old one. another is by establishing management contracts with the actual owner of the hotel, whereb

24、y the chain actually takes over an empty building and operates it according to its own operating procedures for a fee or for a percentage of the profits. this method is frequently used when the chain expends into a foreign country. a somewhat similar method is the joint venture, a partnership in whi

25、ch both the chain and local investors put up part of the capital that is necessary for new construction or the purchase of an existing building. yet another way widely used is franchising. it is a leasing arrangement that requires the hotel operator to pay a fee for the use of the plans, manuals of

26、procedure and advertising materials. in return, the hotel operator is granted a license to operate a business under the name of the parent corporation. the franchise operator puts up the capital, but he gets a standardized product with a predictable sales potential. he can of course also get a lot o

27、f help from the licensing corporation in establishing his operation and then in solving problems that arise after it has opened. some franchise operations are also joint ventures, with both the corporation and the individual owner supplying part of the initial capital.there are many important compet

28、itive advantages that the hotel chains have over the individually operated hotels. the first is the resources and money on advertising and public-relations professionals at chains headquarters, who prepare publicity campaigns for the chain as a whole.a second advantage comes from the standardization

29、 of equipment and operating procedures. the chains publish detailed manuals that specify standardized procedures to be followed even in such tasks as making beds and setting tables. even when the different hotels in the chain are not tightly controlled by a central office, it is customary to have an

30、 inspection system in order to guarantee the overall standards.the most important and most obvious advantage is the increased efficiency in making and controlling reservations. a guest at one hotel, for instance, can receive confirmation of a room at another within a few minutes. when a chain is own

31、ed by an airline, the traveler can make his reservations for flights and for hotel rooms at the same time and place. hotel chains also make it easy to reserve a room by telephone in key market cities. many of the chains are, in fact, referral systems rather than corporate owned groups. in a referral

32、 system, the operators of individual hotels or motels pay a fee to a group that has joined together in a reservation system. in most cases, the establishment is inspected by the headquarters staff of the chain to ensure that it meets the chains standards, it can use the name and advertising symbol,

33、the logo for the group. in that case, the individual operation has become a chain member.still another advantage for the chains is in increased sales potential for convention.as it is now a commonly accepted idea that conventions should combine business and pleasure, the practice of changing locatio

34、ns every year is very attractive to many sponsoring groups. in this way, the sponsoring group can hold its meeting in one location one year and another the next, while at the time with the assurance of very similar service and costs.another strong point of the chain system comes from the superior pl

35、anning and design of hotels. the benefits begin here even before the location is selected, because the chains have access to expensive market research data on site selection and size of the hotel. the large chains hire architects and interior decorators who specialize in hotel work. many chains ofte

36、n hire consultants to advise them. the chains can either use their expert knowledge directly to build their own hotels or pass it along to others when they participate in a joint venture, a management leasing arrangement, or a franchising operation.chains management also increases the efficiency of

37、the total organization in other ways. for example, it permits very large bulk purchases for many kinds of equipment and supplies. the accounting and auditing systems of the chains can be centralized. a centralized personnel office for managerial and technical positions throughout the chain also prov

38、ides an advantage in securing competent people. in the different hotels, management trainees can obtain experience in all the wide variety of skills that go into the operation of a hotel. later, when they have gained the necessary expertise in several areas, these same people may return to the headq

39、uarters to direct and train others.today, there comes very intensified competition in the hotel industry. after decades of mixed fortunes they would now face a decade when there is slow expansion, or even no growth, but with growing competition. the increased competition could rise from up-market se

40、lf catering, time sharing, home entertainment and other areas, as well as from producers of a whole variety of consumer products and services. hoteliers must ensure that they obtain their share of market. in order to do so, they should listen to the market more intense competition.as market keep on

41、changing, it is wise to redefine markets accordingly. unless customers points of view are constantly considered and their demands are best satisfied, there is a danger that present guests and customers may-drift away to competitor and new customers will not be attracted. furthermore, it is essential

42、 to decide the advantages and weakness of ones products, and at the same time bear in mind the different sources of business and the strength and weakness of ones competitors. the last point on competitors is that time and money should be spent in selecting the source of business that they are best

43、suited for and where they have the least competition.how to choose the best suitable market and sources of business? first, one should try to get as much information as possible on the hotel. then, a series of objectively prepared league tables that grade the hotels advantages and limitations should

44、 be made. the information required may include the following: broad background information, facilities of the hotel, details of competitive hotels, guests information, activity levels, employees and their selling abilities, specific information on local communities, industry, event, communications a

45、nd catchment area, and advantage and limitation list of both ones hotel and competitors.after gathering the information, another series of league tables is required to show the hotels position relative to its competitors. the aim of league tables is to put the competition into visible and to show fo

46、r some sources of business where is more competition and for others less. by linking these finding to the respective advantages and disadvantages of both sides, answers are provided on where to focus ones sales and market effort.specifically, the relevant information and league tables may include:1.

47、 make a list of ones hotel about its competitive advantages. the list will vary depending on the source of business.2. calculate ones market share of total competitive capacity and its main competitors share.3. consider various tariffs and charges that may occur in the hotel.4. information about the

48、 facilities, sales and market capabilities, receiving capability, location, etc. of the hotel and the competitors.5. score the grades dependent on the demands of different sources of business, i.e., businessmen, individual tourists, conference delegates.6. consider the various potential markets from

49、 a number of points of view.if one takes the above-mentioned information and examine ones own business experience and judgment should help to define more clearly the main sources of business on which ones hotel should exercise efforts. never neglect established markets and the business parts of the

50、week, month of year. however, many hotels have natural busy periods, such as monday and thursday nights in a week, or the summer season, or the festivals. so it is important to define markets, which will ensure a better profit in ones off-season periods.besides the above suggestions or market defini

51、ng, some special market demands require attention.one is the menu fatigue. many business executives who eat out often or stay in hotels regularly could suffer from a severe “menu fatigue”. that is when they eat in hotel restaurant or out, they can always tell you every item on the menu without even

52、a glimpse at it. so if a hotelier can regularly try to original and fresh menus, dishes and ideas and promote them in every possible place, this mass market of people will be sure to “beat a path to his/her door”.the second is the active leisure. people are becoming much more health conscious, and m

53、any hotels begin to recognize this trend. as the result, facilities such as gym rooms with exercise machines are provided as part of their essential future marketing. some hotels put a series of maps in the bedroom with directions to nearby parks. they also have a supply of track suits and shoes in

54、case guests have forgotten to bring their own. even if a hotel is not adjacent to a golf course or a tennis court, they can still do a lot to provide exercise opportunities for the guests and it does not have to be expensive.the third is the female guests. in the past few years, the biggest market g

55、rowth is perhaps women staying in hotels, or eating in hotel restaurants. many of the research on women travelers have found that the average woman executive is six years younger than her male counterpart. she tends to be in sales, marketing, public and press relations, or personnel work. nearly 40%

56、 of the trips are to conventions. she is more likely to be single than the typical male travelers. many women concern much about personal safety and hotel security. they would prefer to eat in the hotel rather than eating out and use room service a great deal when there is available. they want a roo

57、m which is very clean, attractive and specious with good lighting. they prefer good lights for make-up and the closets high enough to keep her floor length dresses and a good supply of hangers.hoteliers should be well alert to notice the changes and demands of the markets; otherwise they will be ove

58、rtaken by the competitors.外文文献译文酒店业自从古时候人们首次建造住宿房屋来招待旅客以来，有些人就以为旅客提供客房为生。如今，由于旅费的增加，酒店提供的就不仅仅是一个房间。汽车旅馆，度假酒店和会议酒店不断的发展，以满足不同的需求。问旅客。与此同时，连锁酒店也在该行业建立起了自己的主导力量。旅游观光法院在回答旅费增加问题时首次介绍了20世纪90年代初，在美国，汽车旅馆是从路边小木屋开始的。在美国，随着汽车开始取代火车成为旅行的主要手段，路边住宿的需求不断增加。第一个汽车旅馆开始出现在20世纪20年代，并通常是一层高的楼房，平均有25间客房。真正的汽车旅馆是从20世纪50

59、年代开始的。两个主要因素促成了汽车旅馆的繁荣和建设。其中之一是开始于1956年的，发展快速的州际高速公路系统。另一个因素是若干服务的第一次增加。餐厅、游泳池以及室内电视成为标准功能。汽车旅馆业的下一步发展，是从公路地点搬到了部分大城市的市中心。随着航空旅行的发展，汽车旅馆也开始走入机场。度假酒店是一个人寻找放松，休闲和娱乐的地方。度假酒店这个想法诞生于18世纪和19世纪的欧洲。豪华的度假酒店在阿尔卑斯山地区沿着法国蔚蓝的海岸，以及贯穿整个大陆地区的各种矿泉所建。度假酒店在美国的发展与十九世纪下半叶铁路的扩大有关。所有都是专门照顾富人和中产阶级的。一般，家庭会在酒店呆两三个月，然后年复一年回到同一酒店。随着大众旅游的发展，相当多的度假酒店在世界各地的旅游目的地建立起来。其中的一些豪华度假酒店幸存了下来，但今天他们在数量上远远大于迎合老百姓的，逗留时间从天到几周的度假酒店。随着闲暇时间和工资的提高，许多人现在每年至少有一个假期会远离家