教你学术论文毕业论文的写作教程theConclusion

1、ConclusionAs the end-result of the whole paper, conclusion (also called summary) is the final viewpoint drawn by the author after investigations, experiments, inferences, discussions and so on. To have an effective conclusion is oftentimes as challenging as having an effective introduction. An effec

2、tive conclusion indicates that you have finished what you have to say. No new material is introduced It does not rehash opinions or recite the obvious An effective ending flows logically and smoothly from the body of the essay, giving a sense of completeness or closureGeneral functions and main elem

3、ents of conclusionTypical functions of the conclusion of a research paper may include:1) summing up2) statement of conclusion3) statement of recommendations and4) graceful termination.For a particular paper, anyone or any combination of these may be appropriate Some papers do not need a separate con

4、cluding section, particularly if the conclusions or results have already been stated in the introductio n.Five ways to conclude an essay:1. restating the main pointsGenerally speaking, if the essay is not very long, you do not need to announce the ending by saying “in conclusion or to sum it upM In

5、deed, you can summarize the main points more effectively without using those expressions.2. referring back to the thesis (and the introduction)Some writers like to conclude their essays by briefly referring back to the thesis. Such an ending is particularly satisfying because it gives the essay a se

6、nse of closure by alluding to instead of repeating the entire thesis. This is what Anastasia Toufexis does in Love: the right chemistry?Introduction:O.K., lets cut out all this nonsense about romantic love Let，s bring some scientific precision to the party. Let，s put love under a microscope.When rig

7、orous people with Ph.D.s after their names do that, what they see is not some silly, senseless thing. No,什ieir probe reveals that love rests fiirnly on the foundations of evolution, biology and chemistryConclusion:O.K., thats the scientific point of view. Satisfied? Probably not. To most peoplewith

8、or without Ph.D.slove will always be more than the sum of its natural parts Its a commingling of body and souL reality “nd imagination, poetry and phenylethylamine. In our deepest hearts, most of us harbor the hope that love will never fully yield up its secrets, that it will always elude our grasp.

9、3. suggesting a solution, further study, or predicting an outlineIn mutual engagement best for US and China 冷 column published in1996, the author argues that in modern times China , as a partner in the geopolitical multi-partner waltz has been treated equally by theU.S. This column concludes with a

10、suggestion:China has finally grown to be an equal partner in this Umulti-partner waltz ” and should be treated accordingly to avoid catastrophic collisions, if not stepping on each others toes The stick-and -carrot diplomacy, which has an odor of the bygone era and an air of condescension to a lesse

11、r partner, has become an anachronism. Which big-stick rhetoric may give a big adrenaline njsh to some politicians, especially in an election year, we all realize that one cold war has served us more than sufficiently4. giving a humorous comment or unexpected twist5. using a striking or memorable quo

12、teUsed judiciously, quotes一apt, striking, and memorable quotes, rather than those that have been over-quoted and have lost their freshnessan conclude essays on a strong note In an essay titled ways we lie”，the author gives the discussion a forceful ending (without moralizing clumsily) with a quote f

13、orm a country song:Maybe if I dont tell the bank the checks in the mail Pll be less tolerant of the lies told me every day. A country song I once heard said it all for me: yove got to stand for something or you511 fall for anything.9 ”Requirements for writing a conclusion1. Be careful not to draw co

14、nclusions from data involving eiTors ofobservation: errors in arithmetic, compensating errors, systematic and personal error.2. Do not use mathematical formulas without clearly understanding of their derivations and al the assumptions involved3. Be cautious in comparing conclusions based on experime

15、nts in which the influential conditions have been improperly controlled, and therefore not duplicated4. Avoid confusing facts with opinions of influences, not only in the investigation itself but also in preparing results for publication.5 Do not draw a conclusion from too few data, or too broad a c

16、onclusion that is based o extrapolated curves6. Guard against failing to qualify a conclusion, in order to show thelimits within which it applies, or the variation which is to be expected.7. When you indulge in a speculation, be sure to remind your reader toknow that it remains a speculation.Useful expressions frequently used in writing conclusions are: On the basis of.,the following conclusion can be made From., we now conclude. To sum up, we have revealed We have demonstrated in this paper The result of this experiment indicate. In conclusion, th