生态旅游可持续发展的规划：以发展中国家的旅游胜地为例进行生态旅游研究外文翻译

1、生态旅游可持续发展的规划：以发展中国家的旅游胜地为例进行生态旅游研究外文翻译 (2011届)本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译题目:planning for sustainable ecotourism: the case for research ecotourism in developing country destinationsjulian cliftondepartment of geography, university of portsmouth, ukangela bensoncentre for tourism policy studies, university of bri

2、ghton, ukresearch ecotourism is a relatively new component of activities within the ecotourism industry, providing research opportunities for visitors focusing on aspects of the natural environment which are principally located in developing countries. this paper is directed towards identifying the

3、nature and causes of socio-cultural impacts of this strand of ecotourism using a case study from indonesia. the positive nature of socio-cultural impacts perceived by host communities alongside the irregular nature of economic benefits to host communities is analogous with the altruistic surplus the

4、ory of individual recognition of communal benefits. certain characteristics of research eco-tourists are identified as contributing towards host reactions towards visitors which reinforce the contention that this is a desirable form of ecotourism in similar locations.keywords: indonesia, socio-econo

5、mic impacts, visitor motivations, volunteer tourism, ecotourismintroduction the growth and divergence in the size and nature of the ecotourism sector and its relevance to wider questions of conservation and development has prompted many researchers to focus on the impacts of ecotourism in terms of l

6、ocal economic benefits, changes in socio-cultural attributes of residents and communities as well as the protection of the natural environment. analyses of these impacts have frequently drawn upon models of tourism development that assume stages or a cycle of evolution reflecting the numbers of visi

7、tors and the perceived attraction of the destination. an assumed similarity between ecotourism activities and the early stages of these models has been used to highlight the potential for ecotourism to open up new destinations for subsequent mass tourism development and the need for adequate plannin

8、g and management of this process. however, this assumption necessitates re-appraisal in light of the current uncertainty in the travel market associated with global political events. furthermore, the proliferation of ecotourism activities requires that evaluation of impacts associated with ecotouris

9、m considers the degree to which particular types of ecotourism are congruent with the destination environment. it is the intention of this paper to identify the impacts of a branch of ecotourism termed research ecotourism in a developing country destination characterized by a limited and slowly deve

10、loping ecotourism industry in the context of understanding the characteristics and motivations of research eco-tourists and the implications that this may hold for tourism planners and managers.ecotourism and tourism development much has been written on the definition of ecotourism since the popular

11、ization of the concept in the late 1980s. commonly cited elements include references to the need to conserve the physical attributes of the destination environment, the provision of economic opportunities for local communities, avoiding adverse socio-cultural impacts through visitor presence on host

12、 communities, ensuring an educational experience for the visitor, or some combination of the above boo, 1990; nelson, 1994; wood, 2002. however, the inherent subjectivity of these definitions has generated concern that the term is prone to overuse, misuse or has limited practical relevance wall, 199

13、7. whilst the lack of an agreed definition poses considerable problems in quantifying the magnitude of ecotourism, most authors agree that the market has enjoyed a period of buoyancy and growth exceeding that of the wider tourism sector ecotourism society, 1998; scheyvens, 2002a. this reflects facto

14、rs such as the availability of relatively cheap air travel, increased disposable income and leisure time in developed countries, the demand to experience pristine natural environments in developing countries while they last hong, 1985 and the increased awareness of governments, particularly in devel

15、oping countries, of the potential to capitalize on this demand. these have been given further impetus by the pressure to develop ecotourism as an alternative income-generating activity to facilitate management of the increasing number of protected areas proposed under international conventions conve

16、ntion on biological diversity, 2004. models of tourism development and theories associated with visitors motivations are two means by which researchers have attempted to explain and predict the nature of tourisms impacts on the host community and environment. drawing upon concepts of carrying capaci

17、ty, cycles of tourism development present tourism as passing through phases characterized by differing attitudes and reactions within host communities which may be related directly to the scale and characteristics of tourism ap&crompton, 1993; butler, 1980; doxey, 1975.it has been suggested that eco

18、tourism activities constitute the early stages of such cycles of tourism development, thereby running the risk of serving to open up destinations for activities associated with mass tourism cohen, 1987; france,1997. research into visitor characteristics and motivations is similarly important in that

19、 this provides planners with information to help avert the manifestation of negative impacts on local communities whilst also tailoring the product to meet the expectations and needs of the eco-tourist market hvenegaard, 2002; palacio& mccool, 1997. these models of tourism assume that, through situa

20、ting a case study in a context of cycles or stages, the adverse outcomes of future tourism development can be predicted and thereby avoided if possible. such an analysis is suited to circumstances where a reliable or guaranteed market exists, economic conditions such as exchange rates and economic g

21、rowth in countries of origin continue to favor the expansion of international tourism as a leisure activity and, perhaps most significantly, political developments do not impinge upon access to the destination for tourists. it is argued here that such a combination of circumstances is increasingly u

22、nlikely and, in certain cases, at odds with reality. a brief outline of the situation with regards to tourism in indonesia is required to illustrate this point.ecotourism and “research ecotourism” whilst there is an abundance of literature dealing with the varying definitions of what constitutes eco

23、tourism, emphasis is commonly placed on the responsibility to promote and ensure conservation of the natural environment, promote the economic welfare of local communities and minimize adverse socio-cultural impacts arising from contact between visitors and residents boo, 1990; fennell,1999; wearing

24、 neil, 1999. although it is not the intention of this paper to elaborate on this debate, it is argued that the diversity of activities falling under this broad definition necessitates categorization of ecotourism into more precise groups to facilitate further analysis mieczkowski, 1995. the recognit

25、ion of a sector within the ecotourism market directed specifically towards research is not a recent development, being described by lindberg 1991 as comprising hard core nature tourists such as scientific researchers and more recently categorized by wearing 2001 in a broader definition as volunteer

26、tourists. this paper uses the term research ecotourism to describe activities consonant with generally accepted definitions of ecotourism which are offered to paying individuals within a research-oriented framework. these activities are primarily directed towards conservation and monitoring of the n

27、atural environment as well as research involving villages and local communities in programmers which may be summarized as sustainable community development. such activities are offered by a variety of organizations such as coral cay conservation, earth watch, operation raleigh, and trek force which

28、typically offer projects in tropical developing regions such as central and south america, many countries within africa, island states in the pacific and indian oceans and south east asian countries such as thailand, cambodia or malaysia. these are often facilitated through support from internationa

29、l non-governmental organizations such as the world wildlife fund or through agreements with host government departments with responsibility for conservation and protected area management. some domestic research ecotourism organizations also offer projects running in specific protected areas in the h

30、ome country, but these operate on a much more infrequent basis. a more peripheral status accorded to research ecotourism is also apparent in organizations catering for gap year students and international language teaching programmers. the cost of the placements offered by international specialized r

31、esearch ecotourism operators such as those cited above varies according to location and placement duration but rarely costs less than 1000 and goes up to 4000, which commonly covers all costs incurred on site but excludes international air fares, insurance and similar expenditure. given the nature,

32、costs and duration of placements, which can run up to a year, it is evident that the target group for research ecotourism is tightly defined and particularly geared towards students, individuals taking a gap year or career break, and the retired. the ability of the latter to participate, however, ma

33、y be restricted by physical constraints or they may be explicitly excluded by age limits to eligibility as with operation raleigh volunteers who must be under the age of 25. results perceived socio-cultural impacts of research ecotourism the dominant attitude towards research ecotourism identified t

34、hrough interviews was one of acceptance and enthusiasm. individuals commonly stated that the presence of visitors to such a remote area enhanced their sense of pride in the region, although the scientific rationale for the research being conducted was not commonly recognized. communal rather than in

35、dividual benefits such as the novelty of having young foreign people staying in villages and the excitement this generated, particularly amongst children, were frequently highlighted as positive outcomes. these are illustrated by the statements that it is lovely to see new and different faces and to

36、urists make children happy and smile. emphasis was also placed on the value of frequent informal interaction with research eco-tourists which afforded individuals the opportunity to practice or improve english language skills or engage in sporting activities. perceived economic impacts of research e

37、cotourism interviews with local residents indicated that the economic benefits associated with research ecotourism, whilst limited in extent, provided grounds for optimism with regards to income-generating opportunities. these were realized through direct employment, rental of accommodation for visi

38、tors or the sale of handicrafts and food. however, interviews and personal observations indicated that the extent to which individuals can appropriate these benefits is largely dependent upon the possession of capital or personal attributes. direct employment required particular skills such as engli

39、sh language or boat handling ability, whilst the numbers employed were noted to remain constant from year to year, reflecting the availability of qualified individuals within the local community as well as the similar number of visitors. the rental of accommodation to the research ecotourism operato

40、r was seen to generate economic benefits for a wider section of the local community, as houses were all owned by local residents and, in most cases, built specifically for that purpose. however, it is evident that participation in this activity is restricted to those with land ownership rights on th

41、e island of hoga and the ability to invest in new construction. on the other hand, the sale of handicrafts and food is open to a greater variety of individuals and affords groups such as women, the young and older members of the local community the opportunity to participate.conclusions this study h

42、as demonstrated the existence of intangible socio-cultural benefits associated with research ecotourism in a developing country destination which, despite the domination of local elites with regard to economic benefits, generate support for research ecotourism amongst local residents. these benefits

43、 are shown to be reflective of research eco-tourists characteristics and travel motivations. it is therefore argued that planning for ecotourism in destinations such as the wakatobi should seek to prioritize activities such as research ecotourism. this is based upon the reasoning that this form of e

44、cotourism, although small in scale and generating relatively limited economic benefits due to its focus on scientific research, would be less likely to cause adverse socio-cultural impacts in light of the characteristics and activities of the research eco-tourists. in particular, their willingness t

45、o take on information relating to local norms, cultures and beliefs and the desire to incorporate cultural exchange within a relatively rigorous set of personal values relating to ecotourism are significant in this respect. social contact between host and visitor takes place in a context of enthusia

46、sm and understanding respectively, despite the potential for considerable adverse impacts given their differing backgrounds, which facilitates the development of the positive outcomes outlined in this case study. furthermore, negative environmental impacts are less likely to occur when the eco-touri

47、st market is geared towards carrying out research into the marine environment as opposed to expanding the industry into activities such as nature-based tourism which, if poorly managed, can lead to degeneration of environmental quality as seen in many other marine national parks. in addition, the lo

48、w level of significance accorded to government advice on travel to indonesia evident through personal discussions with research eco-tourists, combined with the significance of achieving personal goals as a prime motive for travel, indicates that this particular sector of the market could be a more s

49、table long-term prospect which is less vulnerable to external political influences than other forms of ecotourism such as nature-based ecotourism, which typically involve older more affluent individuals with a wider choice of destinations. these considerations take on added significance given the pr

50、essure to develop ecotourism as an income generating activity in the outer islands such as sulawesi dalem, 2002 and the ongoing devolution of political authority to provincial and lower tiers of government which will provide greater autonomy and, hopefully, a greater ability to take account of local

51、 characteristics in the planning of ecotourism in these locations.二、翻译文章 题目:生态旅游可持续发展的规划:以发展中国家的旅游胜地为例进行生态旅游研究 朱利安?克利夫顿 英国朴茨茅斯大学, 自然地理部门 安琪拉?拜森 英国布莱顿大学旅游政策研究中心摘要:生态旅游研究是生态旅游产业内活动相对较新的组成部分,为游客提供主要以发展中国家为重点的对自然环境研究的机会。本文是以印度尼西亚为例指出自然和社会文化影响生态旅游水平的原因。社会文化影响的积极方面是通过在伴随着经济利益不规则下举办社团的形式反映出来的,而举办社团与公共利益的利他

52、理论类似。研究生态旅游者的某些特点如对游客的争夺,这是一个在同类生态旅游地区的理想形式。关键词:印度尼西亚;社会经济的影响;游客的动机;志愿者;生态旅游一、引言 生态旅游部门对自然生长的性质和差异的大小与保育和发展问题的关注度促使许多研究者关注生态旅游对当地经济效益方面的影响,改变对社会文化属性的居民和社区以及自然环境的保护。经常分析这些影响旅游业发展的模型,假设提升旅游周期和访客感知目的地的吸引力。假定生态旅游的活动和早期的这些模型之间的相似点已经被用于强调潜在的生态旅游,开拓新的目的地之后的旅游质量开发需要充分计划管理这个过程。然而,这个假设就是需要根据当前相关旅游市场与全球政治事件的不确

53、定性。而且,蓬勃发展的生态旅游活动需要评估生态旅游产生影响的程度,考虑某一特定类型的生态环境与目的地的一致性。这篇文章的目的就是识别生态旅游影响的一个分支,成为“研究生态旅游”在有目的性特征的发展中国家通过有限的生态旅游产业背景下慢慢发展的特点,旅游规划和管理人员可能不会对旅游者表明研究的动机以及立场。二、生态旅游和旅游发展 生态旅游与旅游在开发上已经有大量的定义,因为这个概念在20世纪80年代末普及。普遍提及的内容包括引用需要保护的目标环境的物理属性,为当地社区的经济提供机会,通过旅游者影响所在社区存在的社会文化,确保对游客的教育,或者一些上述组合boo, 1990;nelson,1994; wood,2002。然而,一些学者对这些定义的内在主体性产生了担忧,很容易长期多度使用,误用或实际意义有限wall, 1997。由于生态旅游量化幅度相当大,还没有构成一个公认的定义,大多数作者同意,旅游业市场已享有的福利已超过这个经济增长时期。生态旅游协会,1998; scheyvens,2002年)。这反映,如相对廉价的航空旅行的可用性因素, 增加可支配收入和在发达国家的休闲时间,在发展中国家质朴的自然环境中一直持续着体验的需求(香港,1985年)以及