资产减值及处置【外文翻译】

1、 本科毕业论文（设计） 外 文 翻 译外文题目 asset impairment and disposal 外文出处 journal of accountancy. new york 外文作者 david t ，randall w luecke 原文：asset impairment and disposalexecutive summary1. to establish a single model businesses can follow, fasb issued statement no. 144, accounting for the impairment or disposal o

2、f long-lived assets. fasb intends it to resolve implementation issues that arose from its predecessor, statement no. 121, accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets and for long-lived assets to be disposed of2. impairment exists when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset or asset group e

3、xceeds its fair value and is nonrecoverable. cpas should test for impairment when certain changes occur, including a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset, a change in how the company uses an asset or changes in the business climate that could affect the assets value.3.fair

4、value is the amount an asset could be bought or sold for in a current transaction between willing parties. quoted prices in active markets are the best evidence of fair values. because market prices are not always available, cpas should base fair-value estimates on the best information available or

5、use valuation techniques such as the expected-present-value method or the traditional-present-value method.4.when a compant recognizes an impairment loss for an asset group, it must allocate the loss to the assets in the group on a pro rata basis. it must also disclose in the notes to the financial

6、statements a description of the impaired asset and the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment.for many years, companies and other entities accounted for the disposal or expected disposal of long-lived assets that were a segment of a business using one set of rules and the disposal of long

7、-lived assets that were not a segment of a business using another standard. to establish a single model for all long-lived assets, fasb issued statement no. 144, accounting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. the new standard supersedes statement no. 121, accounting for the impairme

8、nt of long-lived assets and for long-lived assets to be disposed of and a portion of apb opinion no. 30, reporting the results of operationsreporting the effects of disposal of a segment of a business, and extraordinary, unusual and infrequently occurring events and transactions. fasb intends statem

9、ent no. 144 to resolve significant implementation issues that arose from statement no. 121. this article explains the new guidance and how cpas can implement it. testing long-lived estimating fair value fair value is an assets purchase or sale price in a current transaction between willing parties.

10、the best evidence of fair value is prices quoted in active markets, such as the price for a stock listed on a stock market. cpas must use this amount to value assets if it is available. because market prices are not available for many long-lived assets such as equipment, fair value estimates must be

11、 based on the best information available, including prices for similar assets. while cpas can use other valuation techniques, present value is often the best for estimating fair value. fasb concepts statement no. 7, using cash flow information and present value in accounting measurements, discusses

12、two present-value techniques cpas may use. disclosing impairment losseswhen a company recognizes an impairment loss for an asset group, it must allocate the loss to the long-lived assets in the group on a pro rata basis using their relative carrying amounts. there is an exception when the loss alloc

13、ated to an individual asset reduces its carrying amount below fair value. if cpas can determine fair value without undue cost and effort, the asset should be carried at this amount. this requires an additional allocation of the impairment loss (explained below). the adjusted carrying value after the

14、 allocation becomes the new cost basis for depreciation (amortization) over the assets remaining useful life. a business must include an impairment loss in the income from continuing operations before income taxes line on its income statement. when a subtotal such as income from operations is presen

15、t, cpas should include the impairment loss in determining that amount. other required information companies must disclose in the notes to the financial statements includes (a)a description of the impaired long-lived asset and the facts and circumstances leading to its impairment. (b) if not separate

16、ly presented on the face of the statement, the amount of the impairment loss and the caption in the income statement or the statement of activities that includes the loss. (c)the method or methods used to determine fair value. (d)if applicable, the segment in which the impaired long-lived asset is r

17、eported under fasb statement no. 131, disclosures about segments of an enterprise and related information. assets disposed of other than by salea company must continue to classify long-lived assets it plans to dispose of by some method other than by sale as held and used until it actually gets rid o

18、f them. other disposal methods include abandonment, exchange for a similar productive asset or distribution to owners in a spin-off. a company should report long-lived assets to be abandoned or distributed to owners that consist of a group of assets (and liabilities) that are a “component of an enti

19、ty” in the income statement as discontinued operations. if the assets are not a component, cpas should report their disposal as part of the companys income from continuing operations. statement no. 144 defines a component of an entity as operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished bo

20、th operationally and for financial reporting purposes from the rest of the entity. a component may be a reportable segment or an operating unit, as defined in statement no. 131. a reporting unit, as defined in statement no. 142. a subsidiary or an asset group. statement no. 144 defines asset group a

21、s “assets to be disposed of together as a group in a single transaction and liabilities directly associated with those assets that will be transferred in the transaction.” a long-lived asset a company will abandon is considered disposed of when the company stops using it. a temporarily idle asset is

22、 not accounted for as abandoned. if an entity plans to abandon a long-lived asset before its estimated useful life, it will treat the asset as held and used, test it for impairment and revise depreciation estimates in accordance with opinion no. 20. continued use of such a long-lived asset demonstra

23、tes service potential (the unit is useable), and hence, fair value would be zero only in unusual circumstances. during use before abandonment, the company should depreciate the asset so that at disposal or abandonment, its carrying value equals its salvage value. this amount should not be less than

24、zero. a long-lived asset to be distributed to owners or exchanged for a similar productive asset is considered disposed of when it is distributed or exchanged. when the asset is classified as held and used, any test for recoverability must be based on using the asset for its remaining useful life, a

25、ssuming disposal will not occur. if the carrying amount exceeds fair value at disposal, the company must recognize an impairment loss. long-lived assets to be sold a company must classify a long-lived asset it will sell as held for sale in the period it meets all of these criteria: management with t

26、he authority to approve the action commits to a plan to sell. the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, subject only to terms that are usual and customary when selling such assets. the company has initiated an active program to locate a buyer. the sale is probable and the a

27、sset transfer is expected to qualify as a completed sale within one year (there are some circumstances beyond the entitys control that may extend the time for completion beyond one year). the company is actively marketing the asset at a reasonable price in relation to its current fair value. if the

28、company meets the above criteria after the balance-sheet date but before it issues its financial statements, it must continue to classify the asset as held and used. in the notes to the financial statements, the company must disclose the facts and circumstances leading to the expected disposal, the

29、likely manner and timing of the disposal andif not separately shown on the face of the statementthe carrying amount(s) of the major classes of assets and liabilities included in the disposal group. if the company tests the asset for recoverability at the balance-sheet date, it should do so on a held

30、-and-used basis. future cash flow estimates used to test for recoverability must take into account the possible outcomes that existed at the balance-sheet date, including a future sale. cpas should not revise this assessment for a sale decision made after the balance-sheet date and should collect do

31、cumentation and supporting evidence on a timely basis for events near such a date. an impairment loss is calculated and reported in the same way it is for assets held and used because this is the assets status at the balance-sheet date. companies must adjust the carrying amounts of assets (including

32、 goodwill) that are part of a disposal group classified as held for sale not covered by statement no. 144 in accordance with other applicable gaap before measuring the groups fair value. a long-lived asset held for sale must be measured at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to

33、sellthe incremental direct costs the company would not have incurred if not for the decision to sell. examples of such costs include broker commissions, legal and title transfer fees and closing costs necessary to transfer title. exclude expected future losses from operations. assets classified as h

34、eld for sale are not depreciated or amortized. reporting discontinued operations an entity must report the results of operating a component it has either disposed of or classified as held for sale in discontinued operations if it meets both of these conditions: the components operations and cash flo

35、ws have been or will be eliminated from the ongoing operations as a result of the disposal. the entity will not have any significant continuing involvement in the components operations after the disposal. in a period when an entity disposes of a component, the income statement of a business or the s

36、tatement of activities of an npo must report the results of the components operations as discontinued operations. the entity would recognize the gain or loss from classifying the component as held for sale or disposal in discontinued operations. if the disposal group is a component of an entity, as

37、in the earlier abc example, the components operations results (a $400,000 loss) are included in discontinued operations for year 1. the $220,000 loss on the disposal group is part of discontinued operations in year 1. the year 2 income statement will includeas discontinued operationsthe components o

38、perations for january through disposal in may, with the $15,000 gain on disposal also reported here. discontinued operations less applicable taxes or benefits must be reported as a separate component of income before extraordinary items and the cumulative effect of accounting changes. abc will repor

39、t the results of discontinued operations in its year 1 income statement, as shown in exhibit 4. a company must disclose the gain or loss it recognizes when it classifies an asset as held for sale or disposal on either the face of the income statement or in the notes. adjustments related to disposing

40、 of a component of an entity in a prior period, which the company reported as discontinued operations, must be classified separately in discontinued operations in the current period. a gain or loss on a long-lived asset that is not an entity component must be included in income from continuing opera

41、tions before income taxes in the income statement. if the entity uses a subtotal such as “income from operations,” it must include the gains or losses there.presentation and disclosurea company must present a long-lived asset held for sale separately in its financial statements. major classes of ass

42、ets and liabilities held for sale must not be offset and presented as one amount, they must be separately disclosed either on the face of the statement itself or in the notes. statement no. 144 requires a company to disclose information in the notes for a period in which it either sells a long-lived

43、 asset or classifies it as held for sale. companies must disclose the facts and circumstances leading to the expected disposal, the likely manner and timing and, if not separately presented, the carrying amount(s) of major classes of assets and liabilities included in the disposal group. the loss re

44、cognized for any initial or subsequent write-down to fair value less cost to sell or a gain not more than the cumulative loss previously recognized for a write-down to fair value less cost to sell. the gain or loss on sale of the long-lived asset. cpas should do this if these gains and losses are no

45、t separately presented on the face of the income statement, the caption in the income statement or statement of activities. if applicable, the revenue and pretax profit or loss reported in discontinued operations.if applicable, the segment in which the long-lived asset is reported under statement no

46、. 131. if an entity decides not to sell a long-lived asset previously classified as held for sale, or removes an asset or liability from a disposal group, it must describe in the notes the facts and circumstances leading to the change in plan and its effect on operations for that period and any prio

47、r period presented. foreign source：david t meeting，randall w luecke：asset impairment and disposal，journal of accountancyj. new york: mar 2002. vol. 193, iss. 3译文：资产减值及处置概述1 建立一个单一的业务模式可以遵循财务会计准则委员会发布的减值或处置长期资产声明的第144号。财务会计准则委员会打算解决并执行此问题，从它的前身，第121号声明出现，即长期资产减值和长期资产被处置就可以初见端倪。2当存在减值的长期资产或资产组的账面价值超过其

48、公允价值，是不可恢复的。注册会计师应当进行减值测试。在测试中时发生某些变化，包括由于市场价格的大幅度降低从而对企业如何使用资产或资产组价值的影响。3公允价值是一种资产可以购买或出售在目前的交易各方之间愿意的金额。活跃市场报价是公允价值的最好证据。由于市场价格不总是可用，注册会计师要立足现有或使用估值技术，如预期的现值法或传统的现值法对最佳信息公允值的估计。4当一个公司认识到一个资产组减值损失时，必须在按比例分配的基础上对企业进行资产损失确认。它也必须在附注中披露导致减值财务报表减值资产描述的事实和情况。多年来，公司和其他实体进行长期资产减值处置时是一个业务部门使用一套规则，处置标准各不相同。因

49、此鉴于所有的长期资产的单一模式，财务会计准则委员会发布了资产减值或处置长期资产144号声明。新标准取代第121号声明，长期资产减值和长期资产进行处置及部分其他意见。提交报告的内容受一个业务出售情况的影响，关于不特别，不寻常和不经常发生的事件和交易的结果，第144号财务会计准则委员会已声明来解决这些重大的执行问题，从而取代第121号声明。这篇文章解释了财务会计委员会新的指导，以及如何使注册会计师可以实现有效地测试长期资产的公允价值。一，测试长期资产的公允价值公允价值是指资产的购买或愿意在双方之间目前交易的销售价格。公允价值的最好证据是在活跃市场的报价，如对股市上市的股票价格。注册会计师必须使用此

50、金额价值的资产，如果它是可用的。由于市场价格不单是长期资产，如设备的使用。公允价值估计必须根据可获得的最佳信息，包括类似资产的价格。虽然注册会计师可以使用其他估值方法，但是现值往往是最好的估计公允值。财务会计准则委员会第7号概念公告声明，讨论了注册会计师可以使用的两个现值技术，即会计计量中使用现金流量信息和现值。二，资产减值损失的披露当一个公司认识到一个资产组减值损失时，必须在按比例分配的基础上进行长期资产的减值损失，当然在集团利用其相对账面价值时有一个例外，当分配给个人资产的损失减少其账面价值低于公平价值时，如果会计师事务所可以判断和努力避免不必要的成本的公允价值，资产应当按这一数额。这需要

51、减值损失的额外拨款。调整后的账面值将变为分配后的折旧（摊销）在资产的剩余使用寿命新的成本基础一个企业必须在税前收入前就将确定其持续经营收益减值损失。如在确定经营收益前，注册会计师应当确定减值损失的金额。其他所需资料的公司必须在附注中披露的财务报表，包括（一）说明受损长期资产的事实和情况，导致其受损。（二）不只是单独提交关于资产负债表的书面声明，该减值损失的金额在标题或损益表的活动要明确列示，其中包括损益表中表明。（三）方法或用于确定公允价值的方法（四）如果适用，在根据财务会计准则委员会第131号公布的声明关于其中受损长期资产部分进行相关资料披露三，其他出售资产公司必须继续进行分类，长期资产处置计划通过某种方法持有和使用，直到实际上进行出售。其他处置方法包括放弃该资产一个类似的生产性资产或分配给所有者。例如某公司应报告长期被抛弃或分发给业主，对资产（和负债）是在为已终止业务收入声明“实体组件”集团组成的资产。如果资产没有一个组件，注册会计师应当报告其作为该公司的持续经营收入的一部分出售。第144号声明定义了一个作为经营和现金流量的实体，可以清楚地分辨包括业务和财务报告的其他目的的