口译笔译分类词汇(07)--世贸组织词汇

1、口译笔译分类词汇（ 07 ）- 世贸组织词汇（补贴协议）可诉补贴Actionable subsidy（纺织品与服装、农产品) 一体化进程 Integration process（服务贸易）境外消费Consumption abroad（服务贸易）跨境交付Cross border supply（服务贸易）商业存在Commercial presence（服务贸易 ） 自然人 natural person（服务贸易 ）自然人流动 Presence of natural person（解决争端 ） 被诉方 Defendant（解决争端）调查结果 Findings（解决争端 ） 上诉 Appeal（解决争

2、端 ） 申诉方 Complaint（利益的 ） 丧失和减损 Nullification and impairment（农产品 ）国内支持 Domestic support（农产品）综合支持量 AMS （Aggregate Measurement of Support）（农产品国内支持）黄箱措施 Amber Box measures（农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施 BOP（Balance-of-payments） Provisions（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施 Green Box measures（农业 ）多功能性 Multifunctionality（欧盟）共同农业政策 Common Agricul

3、ture Policy （争端解决 ） 专家组 Panel（知识产权）地理标识 Geographical indications巴黎公约 （ 关于保护工业知识产权的公约 ）Paris Convention 巴塞尔公约（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）Basel Convention北美自由贸易协定 NAFTA （North American Free Trade Agreement）濒危物种国际贸易公约 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species伯尔尼公约（有关保护文学和艺术作品版权的公约）Berne Convention多种纤

4、维协定 MFA (Multifibre Agreement)纺织品与服装协议 ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)服务贸易总协定 GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) 关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解 DSU(Understanding on Rules and ProceduresGoverning the Settlement of Disputes)京都议定书 Kyoto Protocol里斯本条约(有关地理标识及其国际注册) Lisbon Agreement 蒙特利尔议定书 ( 有关保护大气臭

5、氧层的多边环境协定 )Montreal Protocol 农产品协议特殊保障 SSG (Special Safeguard) 农业协议中关于反补贴的和平条款 Peace clause生物多样性公约 CBD(Convention on Biological Diversity)信息技术协议 ITA (Information Technology Agreement)WTO 最不发达国家高级别会议 HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)北美自由贸易区 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)采取措施后 Ex post采取措施前

6、 Ex ante产品生命周期分析 LCA (Life Cycle Analysis)出口补贴 Export subsidy出口实绩 Export performance垂直兼并 vertical merger当地含量 Local content电子商务 Electronic Commerce东部和南部非洲共同市场 COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) 东盟自由贸易区 ASEAN Free Trade Area动植物卫生检疫措施 SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard ) 反补贴税

7、Countervailing duty反倾销措施 anti- dumping measures against 反向通知 Counter-notification非配额产品 quota-free products非生产性投资 investment in non-productive projects 非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团(洛美协定)ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific Group)风险管理 / 评估 risk management/ assessment 关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs

8、and Trade)规避 Circumvention国际标准化组织 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际纺织品服装局 ITCB (International Textile and Clothing Bureau) 国际货币基金组织 IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际劳工组织 ILO (International Labor Organization) 国际贸易中心 ITC (International Trade Center) 国际贸易组织 ITO (International

9、Trade Organization) 国际贸易组织临时委员会 ICITO (Interim Commission for the International Trade Organization) 国际清算 international settlement国际收支 balance of international payments/ balance of payment 国际收支条款 BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions 国际兽疫组织 International Office of Epizootics 国民待遇 National treatment 国内补

10、贴 Domestic subsidy国内生产 Domestic production 海关估价 Customs valuation 海关完税价值 Customs value 横向兼并 horizontal merger 环保型技术 EST(Environmentally-sound technology) 灰色区域措施 Grey area measures货币留成制度 Currency retention scheme货币贸易理事会 CTG(Council for Trade in Goods) 基础税率 Base tariff level 既定日程 Built-in agenda 交叉报复

11、Cross retaliation 进口差价税 Import variable duties 进口附加税 Import surcharge 进口环节税 import linkage tax 进口渗透 Import penetration 进口替代 Import substitution 进口许可 Import licensing 进口押金 Import deposits 经济合作与发展组织 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 垃圾融资 junk financing 联合国环境署 UNEP (United Na

12、tions Environment Program) 联合国开发计划署 UNDP (United Nations Development Program) 联合国粮农组织 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States) 联合国贸易与发展会议 UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 粮食安全 Food security 慢性萧条 chronic depression 贸易和投资自由化和便利化TILF (Trade and Investment

13、Liberalization and Facilitation)贸易与发展委员会 Committee on Trade and Development 贸易与环境委员会 Committee on Trade and Environment 模式 Modalities 南方共同市场(或称南锥体共同市场)MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market)南亚区域合作联盟 SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional cooperation) 欧洲自由贸易联盟 EFTA (European Free Trade Association) 配额

14、调整条款 modulation of quota clause 瓶颈制约 bottleneck restrictions全球配额 global quota上诉机构 Appeal body申报制度 reporting system; income declaration system 生产补贴 Production subsidy 实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to 实质损害 Material injury 食品法典委员会 CAC(Codex Alimentaries Commission) 世界海关组织 WCO (World Customs Organ

15、ization) 世界贸易组织 WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界知识产权组织 WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) 市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access)市场准入 Market access 通知义务 Notification obligation 同类产品 Like product 乌拉圭回合 Uruguay Round 消费膨胀 inflated consumption 协调制度(商品名称及编码协调制度) HS (Harmo

16、nized Commodity and Coding System) 新议题 New issues 许可费 License fee 有秩序的市场安排 Orderly market arrangements约束水平 Bound level 争端解决机构 Dispute Settlement Body 政府采购 Government procurement 知识产权 IPRs (Intellectual property rights) 直接支付 Direct payment 诸边协议 Plurilateral agreement 专门的营销机构 Market boards转基因生物 GMOs (

17、Genetically Modified Organisms) 祖父条款 grandfather clause最不发达国家 LDCs (Least-developed countries)最初谈判权 ( 初谈权 ) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights)最惠国待遇(现通常称 正常贸易关系 ) MFN ( most-favored-nation) treatment 最惠国贸易地位 ( 待遇 )MFN (Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)WTO 术语英文解释GeneralGATT General Agreement on Tariffs a

18、nd Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO s agreements.GATT 1947 The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.GATT 1994 The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in good

19、s.Members WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).MFN Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article4), the principle of not discriminating between one s trading pamrtennetrs.national treatThe principle of giving others the same treatment as one s

20、own nationals.GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.TPRB, TPRM

21、The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the TradePolicy Review Mechanism.transparency Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are establi

22、shed, are open and predictable.Uruguay Round Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994.Tariffselectronic commerce The production, advertising, sale and distr

23、ibution of products via telecommunications networks.free-rider A casual term used to infer that a country which does not make any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle.Harmonized Syst

24、em An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many o

25、ther purposes.ITA Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration onTrade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs onIT products by the year 2000.ITA II Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA s product coverage.nuisance tariff Tariff so

26、low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.schedule of concessions List of bound tariff rates.tariff binding Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected p

27、arties.tariff escalation Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate.tariff pe

28、aks Relatively high tariffs, usually onsen sitive II products, amidst gen erally lowtariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as tariff peaksI.tariffs Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value

29、) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.WCO World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs

30、 procedures.Non-tariff measuresanti-dumping duties Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing c

31、ountry.circumvention Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties.countervailing measures Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country.dumping Occurs when good

32、s are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost.NTMs Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitio

33、ns, etc.price undertaking Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.PSI Preshipment inspection the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas i.e. price, quantity,

34、quality, etc.QRs Quantitative restrictions specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. rules of origin Laws, regulationsand administrative pr ocedures which determine a product s country of origin. A decision bya customs authori

35、ty on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. These rules can vary from country to country.safeguard measures Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up ofimports g

36、overned by Article XIX of the GATT 1994.subsidy There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.tariffication Procedures r

37、elating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.trade facilitation Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures).VRA, VER, OMA Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export re

38、straint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country(government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls.Textiles and clothingATC The WTO Agreement on Textiles

39、 and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.s quota durins unutilized quota.carry forward When an exporting country uses part of the following year the current year.carry over When an exporting country utilizes the previous yearcircumvention Avoidi

40、ng quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.CTG Council for Trade in Goods oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC.integration programme The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.ITCB Inte

41、rnational Textiles and Clothing Bureau Geneva-based group of some 20developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.MFA Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate q

42、uota restrictions.swing When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.TMB The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.transitional safeguard

43、mechanism Allows members to impose restrictions againstindividual exporting countries if the importing country can show that both overall imports of a product and imports from the individual countries are entering the country in such increased quantities as tocause or threaten serious damage to the

44、relevant domestic industry.Agriculture/SPSAge nda 2000 EC s finan cial reform pla ns for 200006 aimed at strengthe ning the unionwith a view to receiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP (see below).border protection Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry.BSE Bovine spon

45、 giform en cephalopathy, or mad cow disease II.box Category of domestic support. Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits. Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits and therefore minimally trade-distorting. A

46、mber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments.Cairns Group Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural trade liberalization. It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current member

47、ship: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay.CAP Common Agricultural Policy The EU s comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designe

48、d to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.Codex Alimentarius FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on food safety.distortion When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market.deficiency p

49、ayment Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less.EEP Export enhancement programme programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultura

50、l exports from the EU on certain export markets.food security Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary ernal support Encompasses any measure which acts

51、to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production.International Office of Epizootics Deals with international sta

52、ndards concerning animal health.multifunctionality Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, e.g. environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See non-trade concerns.non-trade concerns Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of

53、the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment, and poverty alleviation.peace clause Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement

54、cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.reform process/program The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process. It sets out a first step, in the process, i.e. a program for reducing subsidies and prot

55、ection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article 20 are for continuing the reform process.SPS regulations Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations government standards toprotect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption.variable levy

56、 Customs duty rate which varies in response to domestic price criterion.Intellectual propertyBerne Convention Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.CBD Convention on Biological Dpulsory licensing For patents: when t

57、he authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent to make, use, sell or importa product under patent (i.e. a patented product or a product made by a patented process) without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreeme

58、nt provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use.counterfeit Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods.exhaustion The p