How to Write a Paper Lecture 8

1、,Write Data Commentary,How long will it take you to finish your PhD? Masters?,Reporting Results,Highlighting your Results II,Research papers,METHODS,Abstract,RESULTS,INTRODUCTION,DISCUSSION,central report section,What type of information should be in this section and in what order?,Results Model,Is

2、this consistent with your own ideas about the structure of the Results section? If not, how does it differ?,1 Table 11 shows the number of years to complete a doctoral program for both U.S. and international students at a major research university. 2 As can be seen, international students on average

3、 complete doctoral programs in less time than U.S. students in all divisions. 3 The difference in years to completion ranges from a relatively low 0.3 years in physical sciences/engineering and humanities/arts to a high of 2.8 years in individual departmental programs. 4 The consistent difference in

4、 time to degree is not fully understood at present. 5 However, one key factor may be motivation. 6 Many international students have considerable external pressures, including sponsorship/scholarship restrictions, family obligations, and employer demands, which could influence the length of time it t

5、akes to earn a doctorate.,What sentence does the data commentary begin?,Which sentence has the main point?,Do the highlighting statements miss some key finding? If so, which key finding?,Data Commentary,Read the excerpt from a Results section and answer the questions.,Structure of Data Commentary,Lo

6、cation element and/or summary statement,Highlighting statements,Implication, problems,There are three main elements to Data Commentary.,Identify these three elements in the following Data Commentary.,1 Table 11 shows the number of years to complete a doctoral program for both U.S. and international

7、students at a major research university. 2 As can be seen, international students on average complete doctoral programs in less time than U.S. students in all divisions. 3 The difference in years to completion ranges from a relatively low 0.3 years in physical sciences/engineering and humanities/art

8、s to a high of 2.8 years in individual departmental programs. 4 The consistent difference in time to degree is not fully understood at present. 5 However, one key factor may be motivation. 6 Many international students have considerable external pressures, including sponsorship/scholarship restricti

9、ons, family obligations, and employer demands, which could influence the length of time it takes to earn a doctorate.,Highlighting Data with Comparisons,Finish these sentences.,Almost exactly twice as many boys reported,A marginally smaller percentage of girls reported,Slightly over twice as many bo

10、ys reported,Close to three times as many boys reported,Boys exceeded girls in the times they reportedby a ratio of 2.5 to 1.,Structuring your results,Implications,Problems,evidence to suggest that,despite the fact that,due to,support the idea that,not clear,Put the expressions below in the correct c

11、ategory,indicate,can be attributed to,can be accounted for by,is probably a consequence of,may stem from,suggest,imply,provide strong evidence,It is conceivable that,Structuring your results,Implications,Problems,evidence to suggest that,despite the fact that,due to,support the idea that,not clear,P

12、ut the expressions below in the correct category,indicate,can be attributed to,can be accounted for by,is probably a consequence of,may stem from,suggest,imply,provide strong evidence,It is conceivable that,Reporting results,The differences between expected and obtained results _ the small sample si

13、ze.,Complete the sentences.,may be due to,This _ that silicon is intrinsically involved in the precipitation mechanism.,These data _ that the effective breadth is a minium at the point of application of the load.,Only the autumn crocus produced a positive response, _ _other species would flower earlier under climate warming.,_ that these may have reacted with ozone to form organic acids, such as formic acid,The difficulty in dating this archeological site _ the limited amount of organic material available.,suggests,imply,supporting