专业英语(桥渡)

1、专业英语(桥渡)专业英语必过我看好你呦！短语1专业英语English for special purpose 2 土木工程civil engineering 3屈服准则yield criterion 4主应力principal stress 5固体排水原理the principle of displacement of water by solid body6地球自转the rotation of the earth on its own axis7使用钢筋混凝土t he employment of reinforced concrete 8 变形deformation9刚塑性材料r igid

2、-plastic material 10 reduce speed 减低车速11educe to power粉碎12reduce the temperature降低温度13reduce the time缩短时间14reduce construction expenses削减工程开支15reduce the scales of construction缩小工程规模16Reduce the numbers of traffic accidents减少交通事故17钢铁工业The iron and steel industry18机器运转正常。The machine works properly.19

3、可以问老师一些问题The teacher may be asked questions.。20分解Decompose/break down/dissociate21吸附过程的原理The principle of absorption22这些书每十本一捆These books are packed in tens.23这些商品数以百计。The commercial products are counted by hundreds.24削减工程开支Reduce construction expenses25缩小工程规模Reduce the scales of construction26 分子结构

4、molecular structure27通过X射线衍射的方法by means of the X-ray diffraction28太阳能solar energy 29 混合物与化合物mixtures and compounds 30.大型结构large structure 31. 变形缝expansion joints32值得赞扬be most commendable33忽视公路安全ignorant of the safety on highways34. 新发现的材料the newly discovered material 35. 力学性能mechanical property36 史前

5、时代in prehistoric time 37. 全世界throughhout the world38.不带铰链的连续梁桥a continuous girder bridge with no hinges39 从事教学活动的土木工程师teaching civil engineers engage40 基础研究和应用研究basic research 41 初期数据preeliminary data42. 完全不同的支撑和荷载条件the totally different conditions of support and loading43. 临时结构和永久结构temporary struct

6、ure and permanent structure44. 在挖掘过程中during the process of excavation45 侧向土压力lateral earth pressure46海拔、高度elevation 47（正）垂直视图elevation view / vertical 48view水平投影horizontal view 49 侧视图lateral plan50耐久性durability 51充分使用considerable use52工程技术与工程管理engineering technology and management53脆性材料和柔性材料brittle

7、and ductile materials54不同材料具有不同的力学性质Different materials differ in their mechanical behavior.55所有材料都热胀冷缩All substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.56素混凝土梁plain concrete beam 57一切就绪All preparations were done. 58施工现场construction site 59静荷载和活荷载dead load and live load 60附加承载力additional ca

8、pability61梁的水平轴线（中性面）horizontal axis of the beam(neutral plane)62旋转力矩或扭转力矩rotating or turning motion63现代最引人注目的工程事故之一One of the most spectacular engineering failures of modern times64上表面向下凹或向内弯曲The top surface is concave or bend inward.句子1路面根据表面传递荷载形式分为刚性路面和柔性路面。Pavements are classified as “rigid”or

9、“flexible ”depending on how they distribute surface loads.2把橡胶加固用作桥梁支座的作法曾经被详细报道过The practice of employing rubber reinforced as bridge supports has been reported in detail.。3静荷载与活荷载dead load and live load4在制定施工计划时，预测不能供用建筑材料的时期是十分重要的。A prediction of the duration of the period when building materials

10、 can not be supplied would be value in the planning of the construction.5桥梁养护中普遍存在的问题之一One of the common defects in bridge maintenance气体很容易被压缩，那只不过是压缩分子之间的距离而已It is easy to compress a gas. It is just a matter of reducing the space between the molecules.6用沥青掺拌碎石能使表层更坚固地粘结在一起。The top layers were bound

11、 together more firmly by mixing the crushed rock with asphalt.7一种含沥青物质,如沥青,用于铺路A bituminous material, such as asphalt, is used to pave roads.8沥青混泥土碎石或沙子，用于铺路或封层顶Mixed asphalt with crushed stone gravel or sand, is used for paving or roofing.9 沥青最初仅被用来做铺面Asphalt was originally used only as covering.10

12、 混凝土的耐久性受其渗透性影响非常大Durability is greatly influenced by concrete 101 混凝土的抗压强度为水泥、集料、水以及混合料中所含的各种添加剂的含量所控制。.The compressive strength of concrete is controlled by the amount of cement，aggregates, water，and various admixtures contained in the mix.11. 沥青路面新的设计方法是1984年公布的。. A new design method for bitumino

13、us roads was published in 1984.12. 有人认为汽车造成一系列问题，如城市膨胀、土地浪费、市区拥挤、油污遍地以及空气和噪声污染等。It is believed that the automobile is blamed for such problems as urban area expansion and wasteful land use, congestion and slum conditions in the central areas, and air and noise pollution.13. 建筑工地最急需的正是这种钢。. It is thi

14、s kind of steel that the construction worksite needs most urgently14钢主要是铁和少量碳的合金.Steel is basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon.15现在，工程师的优势是不仅有经验数据，而且有供他们事先做详尽科学计算的科学数据。Today, the engineer has the advantage not only of empirical information, but also of scientific data that permit

15、him to make careful calculation in advance.16现在的通行做法是将按比例缩小的桥梁模型放在风洞中检验它们的空气动力抵抗力。It is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for aerodynamic resistan17在这两种力中，前者是压应力，后者是拉应力。Of those stresses the former is compressive stress and the latter is tensile stress.18A的强度与B几乎相等A

16、 is almost as strong as B.19我没等多久她就来了。I had not waited long before she come.20不久他就会知道。It was not long before he got to know it.21趁早努力学习Study hard before it is too late.22充分利用太阳能Make good use of the sun23结构分析普遍应用于大多数的有机研究Structure analysis is common to most organic research.24有了光才能看到东西Light makes vis

17、ion possible.25通过数学计算使模型方程符合实际情况。By mathematical calculation the modelequation is reconciled with the actual situation.26 在设计任何土木工程项目之前，必须先对工地进行工程测量。Before any civil engineering project can be designed, a survey of the site must be made.这台蒸汽机的效率只有15% This steam engine is only about 15 percent effici

18、ent.27. 这个通讯系统的特点是操作简单并易于维修。This communication system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can bemaintained. 28. 在他们的工作中他们特别注意理论联系实际In their work they pay much attention to the newly discovered material.段落No1The yield criterion for a material is a mathem

19、atiacal description of the combination of stresses which cause yield of material.In other words it is a relationship between applied stresses and strength.The yield criterion can be written:F(?1 ?2 ?3 ,f )=0 ,where ?1 ?2 ?3,are the principal stresses,and f is the yield stress.When f材料的屈服准则指可能导致材料屈服的

20、应力组合的数学表达式,换句话说，它表示作用的应力与强度之间的关系。屈服准则可写成：n 式中，为主应力，f为屈服应力。当F0，不会发生屈服，而且，若假定材料为刚-塑性，则也无变形。若F=0,屈服就发生。No9 Minimum grades（最小纵坡）depend on the drainage（排水）conditions of the highway. Zero-percent grades may used on uncurbed（无路缘石的）pavements with adequate cross slopes（横坡）to laterally drain（排出）the surface wa

21、ter. When pavements are curbed, however, a longitudinal grade should be provided to facilitate（使容易、使便利）the longitudinal flow the surface water. It is customary（合于风俗或习惯的）to use a minimum of 0.5 percent in such cases, although this may reduced to 0.3 percent on high-type pavement constructed on suitab

22、ly crowned（有路拱的）, firm ground.公路的最小坡度取决于（公路路面的）排水条件。零坡度可用在无路缘石且有足够横坡能从侧面排出路面积水的公路路面当路面有路缘石时，公路的纵向坡度（纵坡）应该能够便于路面积水的纵向流动。在类似的这些情况下，通常使用最小的0.5%的纵向坡度，尽管对于建在有适当路拱的，坚实的地基上的高级路面，其最小纵坡有时可降至0.3%。No9 The horizontal alignment consists of straight sections of the road, known as tangents, connected by horizontal

23、 curves. The curves are usually segments（部分）of circles, which have radii that will provide for a smooth flow of traffic along the curve. The design of the horizontal alignment therefore entails(使必要、使负担) the determination of the minimum radius, the determination of the length of the curves，and the co

24、mputation of the horizontal offsets(偏置、垂距) from the tangents to the curve to facilitate the setting out（定线、放样）of a curve. In some cases, to avoid a sudden change from a tangent with infinite (无限的) radius to a curve of finite （有限的）radius, a curve with radii varying from infinite value to the radius o

25、f the circular curve is placed between the circular curve and the tangent. Such a curve is known as a spiral （回旋线）or transition curve（缓和曲线）. These are four types of horizontal curves: simple（单曲线）, compound（复曲线）, reversed（反向曲线）, and spiral（回旋线）. Compound curves （复曲线）consist of two or more curves in s

26、uccession（连续）, turning in the same direction, with any two successive curves having a common tangent point(公切点).公路的平面线形是由我们所熟知的公路的切线等直线段构成，他们之间由水平曲线相连。这些水平曲线通常是圆的一部分，他们的半径能使沿着曲线的交通通畅。平面线形设计要求确定最小半径，确定曲线长度，并计算从切线到曲线的水平距离，以便进行曲线放样有时，为了避免由半径为无穷大的直线段突然变化到半径为一定的圆曲线，在圆曲线和直线之间插入一段曲线，其半径由无穷大大变化到圆曲线的半径值。有四种平

27、面曲线，分别是单曲线、复曲线、反向曲线和回旋线。复曲线包括两个或更多的连续曲线，他们方向相同，且任何两个连续曲线都有公切点。No1 In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it

28、 is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or v

29、ariables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic (which) the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundation, imp

30、act, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered大学里, 工科课程中着重强调数学、物理, 和化学,尤其在开始的二到三年。在工科所有分支中，数学非常重要, 因此它被着重地强调。今天, 数学包括统计学中的课程主要涉及集合, 分类, 和使用数字数据, 或信息. 统计数学的一个重要方面是概率, 它涉及当有改变问题的结果的不同的因素, 或变量时，可能会发生什么。例如，在承担桥梁的建设之前, 运用统计研究来预计未来桥梁期望承受的交通量. 在桥梁的设计中，(各种)变量如作用在基础上的水压,

31、 碰撞, 不同的风力的作用, 以及许多其它因素必须考虑。No1In spite of the heavy emphasis on technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social science and the language arts. The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer; it is sufficient,

32、 therefore, to say again that the work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should be aware of. An engineer also needs a sufficient command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases, persuasive. An engineer eng

33、aged in research will need to be able to write up his or her finding for scientific publications. 虽然，在工科课程中，对专业科目着重强调，但当前的趋势还是要求学生学习.科学和语言艺术的课程。工程和.间的关系非常紧密; 因此,再一次充分说明, 工程师负责（承担）的工程在许多不同和重要的方面影响着.,这些方面是他们所知道的。在多数情况下，工程师也需要有足够的语言组织能力来准备一个清晰且有说服力的报告。参与研究的工程师要能够为科学出版物详细写出他（她）的研究成果。No1 Civil engineerin

34、g projects are almost always unique; that is, each has its own problems and design feature. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration of po

35、ssible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. Today, a study usually includes a considerations of the environmental impact of the project. Many engineers, usually working a

36、s a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies.土木工程项目几乎是唯一（独一）的; 就是说，每个工程有它自己的难题和设计特点。所以, 在设计工作开始以前，要仔细的研究每个项目。研究包括勘测工程位置的地形和地基特点。它还包括考虑可能的比选方案, 譬如一个混凝土重力式坝或填土的土石坝。经济因素与在每个可能的比选方案有关，也必须斟酌。今天, 研

37、究通常包括项目的环境影响的考虑。许多工程师, 通常在一起工作组成一个团队，这个团队包括测量员、土力学方面的专家和设计施工方面的专家，来参与制定这些可行性研究。No2Today, however, the engineer has the advantage not only of empirical information, but also of scientific data that permit him to make careful calculations in advance. When a modem engineer plans a structure, he takes i

38、nto account the total weight of all its component materials. This is known as the dead load, which is the weight of the structure itself, He must also consider the live load, the weight of all the people, cars, furniture, machines, and so on that the structure will support when it is in use. In stru

39、ctures such as bridges that will handle fast automobile traffic, he must consider the impact, the force at which the live load will be exerted on the structure, He must also determine the safety factor, that is, an additional capability to make the structure stronger than the combination of the thre

40、e other factors.然而，今天工程师不仅有经验信息的优势，而且还有科学数据，允许他在事先进行仔细的计算。当现代工程师设计一个结构时，他要考虑所有组成材料的总重量。这就是所说的恒载，他是结构自身的重量，他还必须考虑活载，即所有人群、汽车, 家具, 机器, 等等结构在使用中需要承受的荷载。结构，比如桥梁将要承受高速的汽车通行（行使），它必须考虑冲力力，这个力是活载作用在结构上的。他还必须确定安全因素，也即是，额外的承载能力以确保结构的强度大于这三个其他因素的组合作用。No2The modern engineer must also understand the different st

41、resses to which the materials in a structure are subject. These include the forces of compression and tension. In compression the material is pressed or pushed together; in tension the material is pulled apart or stretched, like a rubber band. In addition to tension and compression, another force is

42、 at work, namely shear, which we defined as the tendency of a material to fracture along the lines of stress. The shear might occur in a vertical plane, but it also might run along the horizontal axis of the beam, the neutral plane, where there is neither tension nor compression. 现代工程师还要知道结构中材料承受的不同

43、的力。这些力包括压力和拉力这对互反的力。受压时，材料受到挤压或是被推倒一起；受拉时，材料被撕开或是被拉长，就像一根橡皮圈。除了拉力和压力以外，还有另一种力作用于结构上，也就是剪力，我们定义使材料趋于沿着力的作用线断裂的力为剪力。剪力可能在垂直面作用，但是也有可能沿着梁的水平轴，既不受拉也不受压的中性轴作用。No2Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone and clay, which is heated and then ground into a powd

44、er. It is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate (small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even spray

45、ed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other.称为硅酸盐水泥的现代水泥，在1824年发明。它是石灰石和粘土的混合物，它们加热后碾(碎)成为粉末。它可以在施工场地或靠近施工场地的地方和沙子，骨料（小石子，碎石或砾石）以及水混合制成混凝土。成分的不同比例可以制造出不同强度和重量的混凝土。混凝土非常通用，它可以灌注，泵送甚至喷洒成各种形状。并且鉴于钢材有很大的抗拉强度，混凝土有很大的抗压强度。因而，这两种物质可以相互补足。No22 平衡悬臂梁施工方法用于混凝土箱梁桥的平衡悬臂节段施工法早已成为无需支架建设梁桥最有效的方法之一。这种方法比其他施工方法更有优势，因为在市区，临时支架会扰乱支架下面的交通和服务，在深峡谷或横跨水面进行支架不仅造价昂贵而且危险。施工从耐久的桥墩开始，然后平衡地向两侧跨中推进（如图22.1