非谓语动词[课时讲课]

1、Lecture Six,非谓语动词 Non-finite Verbs,1,课堂教学,本讲主要内容,一、非谓语动词的分类、特征 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 三、非谓语动词充当的句子成分 四、补充知识点,2,课堂教学,非谓语动词概述,英语中，动词具有两种形式： 1.谓语形式 2.非谓语形式 动词的谓语形式必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，受主语的限定，因此又被称为动词的限定形式(Finite Forms of Verbs)。 非谓语形式不受主语的限制，因此又被称为动词的非限定形式(Non-finite Forms of Verbs)。 确切地讲，非谓语动词实际上指动词的非谓语形式,3,课堂教学,动词

2、的非谓语形式有三种： 1.不定式(The Infinitive)，由to +动词原形构成，to 为不定式符号，并无实际意义。 2.动名词(The Gerund)，由动词+ing构成。 3.分词(The Participle) 1）现在分词（The Present Participle),由动词+ing构成 2）过去分词（The Past Participle),由动词+ed构成,4,课堂教学,非谓语动词具有以下特征,非谓语动词可以做主语、宾语等多种句子成分，但唯独不能做谓语。 非谓语动词具有各种形态：原形、主动语态、被动语态、进行时态和完成时态。 非谓语动词具有动词的功能，如可以有自己的宾语，

3、但不具有语法上的动词性质,如没有人称和数的变化。 Growing flowers is my hobby. Thank you for helping us. I hope to see you again,5,课堂教学,使用非谓语动词的条件： 在一个句子中，已经存在一个谓语动词，而又没有连词的情况下，其他的动词就需要使用非谓语形式。 She got off the bus, _(leave)her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, but _ (leave) her handbag on her seat,leaving,left,6,课堂教

4、学,不定式的时态和语态,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been done,to be doing,无,to have been doing,无,7,课堂教学,1. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般式。 He wanted to see you. 2. 强调不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用完成形式。 He is said to have written a novel. 3. 强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用不定式的进行形式。 When I came in, he pretended to be reading a book. 4. 当不定

5、式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，用被动语态。 It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. The book is said to have been translated into English,8,课堂教学,动名词的时态和语态,doing,being done,having done,having been done,9,课堂教学,1.动名词的一般形式表示一般性动作或是与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 We are interested in climbing mountains. I prefer singing to dancing.

6、 2.如果强调动名词的动作已经完成，要用完成形式。 He was praised for having passed the exam . 3.如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，也要用完成形式。 He is proud of having been sent to work in Tibet . 4.当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是该动名词动作的承受者，这个动名词要用被动形式。 He remembered being taken to Beijing when he was a child,10,课堂教学,分词的时态和语态,doing,being done,having done,having b

7、een done,过去分词的时态和语态只有一种，即done,11,课堂教学,现在分词表主动、进行，过去分词表示被动、完成。 分词与其逻辑主语的关系是主动的用现在分词；是被动的，要用过去分词。 1._(look) out of the window, I can see many cars and buses. 2._(see) from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful. 3.The teacher came in, _ (follow) many students. 4.The teacher came in, _ (f

8、ollow) by many students,Looking,Seen,following,followed,12,课堂教学,如果强调一个被动的动作正在进行，要用分词的被动形式being done。 Being repaired, the building is forbidden to enter. The house being built now is a Hope Project School. 如果强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。 Not having finished his homework,Tom was made to stay at school .

9、Having closed all the windows ,I went home. Having been invited to the party ,Tom was very happy,13,课堂教学,非谓语动词的否定形式,所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是直接在其前面加上not. 不定式的否定形式：not to do 动名词的否定形式：not doing 现在分词的否定形式：not doing 过去分词的否定形式：not done,14,课堂教学,1. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B.

10、 to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 2. -I must apologize for _ ahead of time. -Thats all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know,A,B,15,课堂教学,3. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing

11、 B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed,C,16,课堂教学,Key to Part 1,not to have seen him to have given you so much trouble to be dreaming to have been studying to be better treated being interrupted having been there Having reviewed his lessons,17,课堂教学,非谓语动词在句中充当的成分,18,课堂教学,不定式

12、、动名词用作主语,1.直接作主语： Seeing is believing. Smoking is not a good habit. To see is to believe. To smoke here is dangerous. 2.用it作形式主语 Its no use talking too much without doing anything. Its no good smoking too much. It is very kind of you to say so. Its not difficult for you to learn English grammar well

13、,19,课堂教学,动名词与不定式作主语时的区别,1.对称原则:主语和表语对称 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 2.动名词做主语表示抽象的、经常性的动作， 不定式表示具体的、某一次的动作。 Climbing mountains is interesting. To climb this mountain will take us two hours. 3.不定式做主语，一般用it 当形式主语，而把不定式短语后置。 It will take us two hours to climb the mountain,20,课堂教学,固定句型: 1.I

14、ts no use/no good /useless/worthwhile + doing 在暗淡的灯光下看书不好。 It is no good reading in dim light. 2.Its kind/wise/clever of sb to do sth It is very kind of you to help us. 3.Its important/necessary/hard for sb to do sth 我们学好英语很重要。 It is very important for us to learn English well,21,课堂教学,不定式、动名词作宾语,He

15、chose not to go home this weekend. The manager desires to see you. My mother dislikes seeing you with me. He could hardly resist laughing. He is fond of playing tennis. 动名词既可做动词宾语，也可做介词的宾语，而不定式只能做动词宾语。 有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而有的只能接不定式做宾语，有的既可接动名词也可接不定式做宾语，但意义不同,22,课堂教学,A.下列动词只能带动名词作宾语： admit, allow, avoid, a

16、ppreciate, consider, deny enjoy, escape, finish, complete, forgive keep, mind, miss, risk, resume, recall, practise, prevent, resist, suggest, understand be/get used to, devote oneself to, look forward to, object to, prefer.to, refer to, pay attention to, stick to, lead to 这些词组里的to为介词，而非不定式符号,23,课堂教

17、学,B.下列动词只能接不定式作宾语： afford ,agree ,attempt, aim, choose decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, prepare, promise, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, wish,24,课堂教学,C.在一些动词后，可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语，但含义有差别。 forget ,remember, regret +doing 表示动作已经发生；+to do表动作未发生

18、 want, need ,require + doing 表被动 = to be done try doing试着做; try to do 尽力做，想要做 stop doing 停止做某事 stop to do 停下来做另一件事,25,课堂教学,go on doing 继续做某事（前后是同一件事） go on to do 接下来做某事(前后不是同一件事) mean doing 意味着.,意思是. mean to do 故意或想要做某事 cant help doing sth 抑制不住、禁不住做某事 cant help to do sth 不能帮忙做某事,26,课堂教学,D. 在 begin ,

19、start ,continue 等词后可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，意义区别不大，但要注意： 1)这些动词本身是-ing 形式时，其后要接不 定式； 2)主语是物，多用不定式； 3)其后的动词是表示情感的或与智力有关 的，不用 v-ing形式,而要用不定式，如： know, realize, hate, love, understand , wonder, remember, forget,27,课堂教学,Practice,1. Would you mind _ the door? A. open B. opening C. to open D. opened 2. “So much

20、for the new words and expressions; lets go on _the text.” the teacher said with a smile. A. to talk about B. talking about C.to be talking D. talk about,B,A,28,课堂教学,3. Have you got used _ in Guilin? A. to living B. to live C. living D. to be living 4. Nobody is willing to go to a party without _. A.

21、 asking B. to be asked C. being asked D. having asked,A,C,29,课堂教学,非谓语动词做宾语补足语,可以接不定式做宾语补足语的动词常用的有： ask, want, advise, allow, encourage, force, forbid,like, order, permit, persuade, request, require, tell, warn, urge, expect 这些词后均可接+sb. to do sth.的结构 Father will not allow us to play on the street. My

22、 teacher advised me to do more exercises,30,课堂教学,常接分词做宾语补足语的动词有： have，keep, get, find see, hear, watch, notice etc. I saw him working in the field yesterday. He kept the water boiling. I found my car missing. I will have my watch repaired,31,课堂教学,see, hear等词+sb.+do sth.与+sb.+doing的区别： 前者强调动作的真实性、完整性

23、，后者强调动作的连续性、进行性。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 强调“我看见了”这个事实。 I saw him woking in the garden yesterday. 强调我见他正在干活这个动作,32,课堂教学,非谓语动词作表语,1.不定式作表语（be to do): 按计划、趋势将要做的 She is to get married next week. 有责任、义务必须做的 Im to see you off at the airport tomorrow 祈使、命令不得不做的 Youre to stand here ,do you

24、understand ? 命运安排,注定做的 Disney met the mouse and he was to become a famous artist,33,课堂教学,2.动名词作表语表明主语的性质或内容（有时可与主语互换） My job is teaching you English. Teaching you English is my job. 3.分词作表语表示主语的特点特征, 现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动和完成。 The book is interesting. Skiing is more exciting than skating. She felt confus

25、ed, even frightened. The guests are gone. 做表语的分词，其实很多已经转化为了形容词,34,课堂教学,非谓语动词作定语,A. 动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途 drinking water=the water that is (used )for drinking drinking water, living room, sitting room, washing powder B. 分词作定语，表被修饰词的特点、特征. 单个分词作定语前置,分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后。 现在分词作定语表示正在进行和主动，过去分词作定语表示已经完成和被动。 boilin

26、g water 正在沸腾的水 boiled water 白开水（煮开过的水，可能是凉的） a retired worker 一位退了休的工人,35,课堂教学,分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句： 现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动关系： Due to the many changes taking place in our way of life, peoples way of thinking has also changed a lot. =Due to the many changes which take place in 过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系： Most of the pe

27、ople invited to the party were famous scientists. =Most of the people who were invited to the,36,课堂教学,C.动词不定式作定语 1.后置，表示将来 This is the Hope Project School to be built next year. 2.不定式与其所修饰的词之间可能是主谓或动宾关系： The train to arrive is from London. I have a lot of work to do . I want to get something to read

28、 . Do you need some water to drink,37,课堂教学,3.当名词有特定的定语, 如形容词副词的最高级,序数词及next, only, right等,其后接不定式作定语。 He is the first student to come and the last to leave. Where is the best place to meet ? We need the next room to hold corn. 4.不定代词something, nothing, little, much等习惯上用不定式做定语。 There is nothing to wor

29、ry about,38,课堂教学,5.如果动词要求用不定式做宾语，则它们相应的名词一般也要用不定式做定语,如： decide to do, wish to do His wish to buy a car came true. Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. 6.不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词，这里的介词不能省略。 I need a pen to write with,39,课堂教学,Key to Part 4,called / named Sally standing behind the coun

30、ter being built to be completed next year to put the bookshelf often playing football on the playground,40,课堂教学,非谓语动词作状语,不定式做状语，表示原因,目的或结果。为了强调目的,可与in order to或so as to 连用。 I reached home only to find my old dog dead . He got up early to catch the early bus . To improve our English, we come here. Im

31、 so glad to see you. They went to the railway station, only to be told that the train had left. 注：only + 不定式”常表示出乎预料的结果,41,课堂教学,分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随或方式，及独立成分。分词与逻辑主语的关系是主动的，用现在分词，反之，用过去分词。 Hearing the news, he couldnt help laughing.（时间） Given enough time, I can do it better. （条件） Being ill, he di

32、dnt go to school （原因） The glass fell to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果) Our teacher came in, followed by many students (伴随） Generally speaking, one must be confident.(独立成分,42,课堂教学,分词做时间、条件、原因状语往往可以转换成一个状语从句,做伴随状语可转换为并列句。 Hearing the news, he couldnt help laughing. =When he heard the news, he

33、couldnt . Given enough time, I can do it better. =If I am given enough time, I can do it better. Being ill, he didnt go to school. =Because he was ill, he didnt go to school. They came into the classroom, singing and laughing. =They came into the classroom, and they were singing and laughing,43,课堂教学

34、,Notice,使用非谓语动词做状语时，一定要注意，非谓语动词的逻辑主语一定要与该句话的主语保持一致。 判断下列句子正误并改错。 1. To learn English well, a lot of practice must be done. To learn English well, I must do a lot of practice. 2. Seeing from the hill, the city is more beautiful. Seen from the hill, the city is more beautiful. 3. Being ill, his classmate sent him to hospital. Being ill, he was sent to hospital. 4. Broken by him, I cant use the cup. Broken by him, the cup cant be used,44,课堂教学,Key to Part 5,followed by