初中英语总复习知识点归纳(基本全了)

1、1. 冠词 a / an a 用于辅音音素前 Once a week初中英语总复习知识点归纳的用法a useful book,a university,have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/a ”a “ u”zeroes 以 f knife-knives或fe结尾的名词，去 f, fe力口 ves，如：half-halvesleaf-leavesrest time while minute an 则用于元音音 N O R S X ” keep an eye on 定冠词 the 的用法：1) 特指双方都明白的人或物：2) 上文提到过的人或事： she i

2、s a teacher of a university.3) 指世上独一物二的事物 earth/ world/ nature/4 )单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollara wild animal. 或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人： blind/ aged / living / impossible5 )用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词 I live on the second floor. 6)用在表示身体部位的名词前：7 )用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前： guitarin the north of China8 )用在普通名词构成专有名词前：the United Stat

3、esthe Great Wall9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前， 表示一家人： piano.10) in the day, in the morning (afternoonmiddle (of),in the end,all the timetimeon the whole,by the way,age of six at the beginning of the twenty-first the other side ofat the momenthave a cold/have a trykeep a diaryin a word素前 an hour, an honest boy , an

4、headache / fever /cough in a hurrygo for a walkin a short whileGive me the book. -Do you know thethe sun ( sky / moon/ universe )have a goodafter ain aladyonly ，in blue?Y es,美元 ; The the richvery, sameShe caught me by the arm.She plays the pianothelion is/poor/F-、匚、Z 7-等前面：violinPeoples Republic the

5、 Summer Palace the Greens are playing theof China，evening),at the samego to the cinemacenturythe day afterin theat heontomorrowthe day before yesterday,the sky （water ， field ， country）2. 不用定冠词的情况1） 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词： China , Europe 锋the next morning, in the dark, in the rain,欧洲 Lei2 ）物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时，通

6、常不加冠词；当表示特定 的意思时，需要加定冠词 乃成功之母。3 ）在季节、月份、节日、 不加冠词； Children Day4 ）在称呼或表示官衔， team.5 ）在三餐、 四季，球类运动、 学科、娱乐运动的名称前，have breakfast /supper / lunch， play basketball / football /volleyball / chess , in spring/summer/ autumn/ winter6 ）当 by 与火车等交通工具连用，train/ taxi/ bus/ ship 7 ）Day and night stepwatch TVdangeri

7、n troublebed on time taxi / bike3. 部分词组有无冠词的区别in hospital in front of go to school a number of = a lot of The number of 称单数） 名词：专有名词和普通名词（个体名词、 词） 可数名词的单数变复数一般情况加 加 -esbus-buses watch-watches的加 s ，如：photo-photos piano-pianospotato-potatoestomato-tomatoesFailure is the mother of success.假日、日期、星期等表示时间

8、的名词之前，s DayMother s Day职位的名词前不加冠词；face to face at school on footin time at nooninFeng 雷失败He isFather表示一种方式时， 中间无冠词；side by side work / home on duty go to school at nighton TVstep by at first/laston watchingo to work at town生病住院 in the hospital 在 -上学在医院里的前面 in the front of在 内部的前面go to the school 到学校去

9、 许多，谓语动词用复数。的数目，life-lives roof-roofs safe-safes 尾的词，变 y 为 i ，再加 es 复数形式一样。scissors, trousersb.wolf-wolves wife-wives belief-beliefs;)以辅音字母+y结不规则： a. 单 Sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese. People, police,thief-thieves(加s，如: gulf-gulfs baby-babiesfoot feettooth-teeth其他的。child children mouse-micebusinessma

10、n -businessmenwomen doctors一般表示一个整体，谓用复数 ) class,man-men woman-womenGerman-Germans 集体名词 : People, police,（ family, glasses 不可数名词：常见的不可数名词有： information,news, room （空间）， work, work,weather, advice, bread , food, milk, tea, ice, glasses, meat A little, a bit of, some, much, a lot of, quite a lot of 修饰

11、不可数名词 . 不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。 如果用 and 连接两个不可数名词作主语时， money are-谓语动词用复数。 A cupglassbottleboxkilogroup crowdclasspair ofTwo and a half kilos of = two kilos and a half of 名词所有格 在英语中有些名词可以加 s 来表示所有关系，带这种 词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加 boys bag ，Day2） Day3）smens roomFather s Day 若名词已有复数词

12、尾 ladies room，复数名词词尾没有Children s Days ，也要加 sMother s-s ，只加 twenty minutes 名词 歌的名字凡不能加 s 的名词，都可以用 the title of the song有关系，如： a map of China4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时， 出现它所修饰的名词，如：5）如果两个名词并列， 则表示 共有 。 Johnsroom （一间）6） 复合名词或短语，s absence7） 双重所有格a friend of Mary s mother s 代词1、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词IITime and名词所，如 the

13、，如：wal+of +Teachers k 名词 的结构来表示所 ; A picture of family;the barbers并且分别有 s ，则表示 分别有 and Marys room （两间）名词所有格的后面常常不理发店。加在最后一个词的词尾。如：ofmine / hers / his /theirs ；只有一个 s ，John and Marysa month or twosa friendI memymine myselfyou you your yourselfof the(yourselves) he him hishishimselfshe her her hers he

14、rself如：it it its itsitselfwe usour ours ourselvesthey them theirtheirsthemselvesscaptain不加冠词by bus/inby的总数， 谓语动词用单数（第三人集体名词、物质名词、抽象名 以 s, x sh ch, 等结尾的词 以 o 结尾的名词，无生命有生命的 es ，如：均可，如： zero-zeros /we, you, they 动词和介词之后通常作宾格； 通常放在名词之前；人称顺序 you, he, she, I ;主格作主语; 宾格作宾语， 动词和介词之后通常作宾格;形容词性物主代词不能单独使用，通常放在

15、名词之前；名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词名词，“ of 名词性物主代词”表示所属关系。A friend ofmine 我的一位朋友 ; teacher of hers她的老师代词 it 的用法：指代前面提到过的事物表天气。表距离。 指婴儿和不明身份的人。-John, someone in your class phonedyou this morning. -Oh, who was it? 用作形式主语。It s kind / good / nice /clever /polite / foolish of sb. to dosth.It s important / necessary /

16、psb to do sth,It s time to get up.It s time for lunch.It s one s turn to doIt seems thatossible / easy / difficult forIt takes sb. some time to do sth.用作形式宾语。 Find / think / feel + it +adj +to do sth It one 的区别somethi ng 某事，某物，用于肯定句。注意：？由复合不定代词作主语 时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。Every one is here.?修饰不定代词的形容词后置。I have

17、 someth ingimporta nttosomebody 某人，有人 =someonean ybody任何人(用于否定句、疑问 句，条件从句中)nobody没有人r冃疋,It特指上文提到的同一对象，同一事物。 one同类而不同一。that常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复。反身代词 构成规则：一、二物主，三为宾。运用： hurt/ teach/ wash / buy/ enjoy on eselfby / Help on eself (one selves) to - / Look after on eself/ Say to on eself/ Come to on es

18、elf2、不定代词 little, a little, few, a few二several(some), some, any much, too much, much too, more the n =over, less tha n= n earlyanything任何事物，某事物，用于否定句、疑问句。everyth ing每件事，一切事物，用于各种句型。nothing 没什么，没有任何东西。二not tell you.any thi ng?在反意疑问句中，表示人的复 合代词在陈述句中作主语时，附 加问句中的主语用he或they表物的用itlittle ，几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰不

19、可数名词。A little一点点，表示肯定，用以修饰不可数名词。Only a little仅一点点也可修饰形容词和副词。一点点，放在动词、动词宾语 后。few几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰可数名词。a few=several 几个，一些，表示肯定意思，用以修饰可数名词。some一些，修饰可数名词，后跟复数形式名词或on es,也可修饰不可数名词。在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定 回答的问句中，常用 some. Could you give me some apples?any 一些，任何一些。一般用于疑问句中或否定句中和IF 引导的条件句中。much许多。修饰不可数名词，

20、放在不可数名词前，可用a lot of 替换。too much太多的，用法相当于 much，放在不可数名词前。 Heath is very importa nt to us. Weshould eat more vegetables and fruit in stead of too much rich food.much too 太，用法相当于too,放在形容词和副词前。Keep quiet!It s much too noisy here.more tha n超过，多于。 =overmore or less或多或少，差不多。二aboutat least 至少a lot许多，修饰动词。Tha

21、 nks a lot.a lot of = lots of许多的，可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。a number of许多的,=many只用于修饰复数形式名词，放在可数名词 复数前。every用于三个或三个以上，着眼于整体。后可跟数词。词组有everyten minuetseach用于两个或两个以上，着眼于个体。词组有each ofeither两个中任何一个either -orboth 两个都both and both of -neither 两个中一个也没有e.g. -Do you liketalki ngwithyour frie nds on the teleph one or mobil

22、e phone? -Neither, Ienjoy using QQ.n either - nor -any三个以上中任何一个all三个以上中全部none三个以上中一个也没有。None of -中没有一个，表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个，表否定，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。others表示“泛指”除自己外，别的人。Some -, others the other表示两个中的另一个。One -, the other -the others表示特指的另一些。an other后跟单数名词。表示泛指另一个人。后跟带数词的复数名词， 表示“再，还要”的意思。other别的，另外的，一般后跟复数名

23、词或ones , 在other前可加some, ma ny 或数词，表示“几个，一些别的”Such a tall build ingsuch an excit ing football matchso many people each other相互，彼此，指两个或两个物时。one ano ther相互，彼此，指三者或三者以上的彼此。one another s相互的，彼此的。数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词和序数词1) 基数词写法和读法：百位与十位，用 and,十位与个位，写时用“一”先确定分节号，从右

24、至左，每隔三位数是一个分节号。第一个分节号是千位thousand4第二个分节号是千位millio n第三个分号节是十亿位billio n.1,234 ,567, 892o ne billion two hun dred and thirty-four millio n five hun dred and sixty-seve n thousa nd eight hun dred and nin ety-two2) 分数表示法 构成：分子基，分母序，分子大于1时，分母在序数词后加 S:1/2 a half1/3 one-third ; 2/3 two thirds3/4three quarter

25、s = three fourths2- 3/4 two and three fourths3) 表示年代，用in +the +数词复数；in the 1980s( 20世纪80年代)4) 表某人几岁时:in +物主代词+数词的复数形式in one stwen ties5) He lives in Rom 88. One plus two is three. Three times five is fiftee n.6) hundred , thousand , million等词前有具体的数字时，不能加S如three hun dreds这种说法是错误的7) hundreds ofthousan

26、ds ofmillions of8) a 21-year-old girlthree days and a half = three and ahalf days one and a half hours = one hour and ahalfwe ll have two weeks holiday (two -week holiday)9) (基数词变序数词的口诀)一、二、三特别记，th从四以上记；怎么加很容易，八减t，九减e; f来把ve替，见y变ie;若是遇到几十几，变换个位就可以。On e-firsttwo-sec ondthree- thirdfive-fiftheight-eig

27、hthnine- ninth twelvetwelfth thirtee n- thirtee nthfiftee n-fiftee ntheightee n- eightee nthtwen ty- twen tiethtwenty-on e-twe nty-firstthirty-thirtiethforty-fortieth fifty fiftiethsixty- sixtiethseve nty-seve ntietheighty-eightiethnin ety- nin etieth序数词的缩写形式： first-1stseco nd-2 nd thirty-first-31st

28、形容和副词 修饰 someth ing, anything, everyth ing, an ybody等不定代词的形容词，形容词要放在不定代词之后。I have Somethi ng importa nt totell you. enough修饰形容词、副词时，enough要放在形容词和副词之后。Far enough in teresti ng,excit ing,bori ng, amaz in g, surpris ing,mov ing主语为物。In terested, excited, amazed, surprised, frighte ned,tired, pleased主语为人

29、。 Much, far, a lot, a little, even等后要用形容词或副词的比较级。 I fell eve n worse now.5.连系动词 be,感官动词(look, smell, taste, sou nd, feel )三个变(get, become, turn,) keep后跟形容词. 既可作形容词又可作副词的词有：hard 作形容词=difficult，作副词，放在 work, rain 等后，表努力地做。well作形容词身体好；作副词，做得好。long作形容词，表事物的长度，作副词，放在last, talk等后，表动作持续。Fast作作形容，放在系动词后，作副词放

30、在rai n, make sth. 等词后，表“做得快”。High作形容词“山，海浪的高。作副词，放在fly, jump等后表飞得咼，跳得咼。 五、形容词变为副词+lyusefu l, wide, str ong改y为 i, 再力口 ly healthy , heavy, happy, lucky, noisy,goodwell terrible-terriblyprobable-probably 多数以ly结尾的词是副词。daily, lively是形容词。 Chi na is larger tha n any other county in Asia.(同一范围内)Chi na is la

31、rger tha n any county in Afirca. (不同范围内) how many 对可数名词数量的提问。How many people are there inyour family?How muchHow long间。How soonHowofte nthree timesHowfar但 frie ndly,Ion ely,lovely, likely,现在完成时过去将来时have / has+done对不可数名词数量的提问和提问价格 多久，多长时间回答常用:多快，多久以后。多长时间一次，a day, ofte n多远，对距离提问。回答常用:回答常用：提问频率ofor +

32、段时间si nee + 点时in + 段时间回答常用：once (twice) a week,fiftee nminu tes walk , 10过去完成时?would / should +V 原形?was / were going to +V 原形had +donealready, yet, just, n ever, ever, for, sin ce,so far宾语从句中，从句动 作在主句动作之后发 生.Would/ should+be +done be going to +be +done注意瞬间 动词在现 在完成时 中的运用meters away形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：原级:

33、as + 原级 + as ; not as / so +tha nEn glish is as in terest ing as Chin ese.isn t as old as Mr. Li. = Mr. Zhang is younger t原级+ as = 反义词Mr. Zha ng han Mr. Li.by+过去某一时点； before +过去某一时 间点;by the time + 从句；从句动作在主句动作前发生Had +bee n + done情态动词情态动词+be+done比较级的标志词than,Lily s bag is bigger than hers. much, far,

34、 a little, eve n , next time which / who一 A, B ? the + 比较级-,the+ happier we ll be. 比较级+and+比较级 (原级) 越来越Which is more beautiful, Tom, Jim? 比较级 - The more we get together, the不规则动词过去式和过去分词详见初三课本的一 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。Dont move.Dont be late.let us him will you /255 页。(多音节词和部分双音节词用harder and harder , ou

35、r hometow n is beco ming more and more beautiful.最咼级标志词： the + 最咼级+ of/ inmore and more +Shan ghai is thebiggest city in Ch ina. One of the + 最高级+名词复数most popular sin gers. Which / who -+最高级，A, B or C?beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Kunming? 序数词+最高级，表“第几最-” Cha ng jia ng is the firstIon gest river i

36、n China.the sec ond largest populati on形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则(略)不规则:good / well - better- bestbad / badly/ ill-worse-worstmany / much - more -mostlittle-less-leastfar - farther(较远) -farthestfar-further(进一步) -furthesttired - more tired -the most tired (right, tired, glad.pleased. real )动词的时态Zhou Jiek un

37、is one of theWho city is the most时态名 称结构标志词被动语态难点与要占八、般现在时are?there be结构?行为动词sometimes, ofte n, usually, always, every day, once a weekam / is / are +done注意第三 人称单数 情况现在进行时am/ is / are +Vingno w, look, liste n, right now, at the mome nt, its +几点am/ is/ are+being +done动词ING形式的构 成去时注:=一祈使句1) 祈使句否定在句首加

38、Dont2) Let s shall we ?wont you?感叹句How+形容词或副词 +主语+谓语+其它What a / an +clever boy he is!What +形容词ideas (we have)!What +形容词weather it is!反意疑问句1) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, n obody, n ever, few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little, too-to等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Some plants never blown (开花 ),do they ?2) 陈述部分有have to +v. (ha

39、d to + v.)，疑问部分常用dont +主语(did nt +主语)。We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we?3) 陈述部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用 did nt + 主语或used nt + 主语。He used to take pictures there, did nt he? / used nt he?4) 陈述部分有 had better + v.疑问句部分用 had nt you?Yo ud better read it by yourself, had nt you?5) 陈述部分由 n either, n

40、 or, either, or问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。are we?6) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词this,疑问部分主语用itEverythi ng is ready, is nt it?7) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，How lovely the baby is!形容词+可数名词单数 +主语+谓语+其它 What a+可数名词复数 +主语+谓语+其它+不可数名词+主语+谓语+其它What won derfulWhat cold连接的并列主语时，疑Neither you nor I am engineer,everyth ing, that, no thi ng,疑问部分有

41、三种情况:一般将来时过去进行时+表语结构?Vedago 一家;just now, in the old days, a mome nt ago, long ago, ih the 1990s?will/tomorrow, n extshall +V 原 year, this year, at 形?be goingto +V原形the end of this term, from now on, in the future,in a few days timewill / shall + be +done be going to +be +done的过去式 的构成注意动词 过去分词 的构成（与过

42、去 式的区别）P255a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should havebee n in China now, should nt he?b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的 谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk,to visit Japa n, did nt he?c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑

43、问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句I dont think he is bright, is he?better, cant she?8) 陈述部分主语是不定代词no one等，疑问部分常用复数is he?He said he wan tedoWe believe she can do itwas / were +Vi ngEvery one knows the an swer, dont they?Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)9) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用Dont do that aga in, will you?yo

44、u ?注意：Lets 开头的祈使句，后用listen to the music, shall we?everybody, anyone, somebody, n obody, they，有时也用单数he。(does he?)will you 。Go with me, will you / wontshall we?Lets go and主句丿 般将来时（主 将从现） 祈使句从句-般现在1时一般现在willgo to the park ifit doesn ttomorrow.时含有情态动词般现在的句子时般过去时般过去时英语句子中如果看到1Thought-but-; because-so-这种结

45、构，就是错误倒装句so+助动词BE动词情态动词+另 主语，表示后者与前者 致。so+上句主语+助动词3 BE动词情态动词，真的，确实如此。Tomwatched TV last ni ght,so did AnnTom didn t watch TV last night.Neither did Ann.-You ve left the light on.- So I have. I ll go and turnit off.宾语从句rainCould you tell/ s;how me-Could you please tell me wherethe teacher s office is

46、?Do you know-Do you know where Mr. Li lives?Please tell me -She asked me -I don t know -I doni t know whether Tom will go or not.定语从句that 和 which在指物的情况下，一般都可以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用that 而不用 vvhich 。did nthat般用,但在下列情况下Before 2008 Beiji ng we willfinish build ing the喜欢做某事I enjoy readi ng En glish loudly.介意(反对)

47、做某事 would you mi nd ope ning the阻止某人做某事做某事很困难做某事很快乐要加上developed country发展中国家停下手中的事而去做另外的事（事情有两件） 停止正在做的事情（事情只有一件）记住要去做某事（事情没有做） 记得曾经做过某事（事情已经做） 忘记去做某事（事情没做） 忘记曾经做过的事情（事情已经做）努力去做某事试着去做某事做完一件事，接着改做另外一件事 继续不停地做某事yes 和 no，要用 certainly,Let us 幵头的祈使句，后用 will you? Let us wait for you in the read in g-room,

48、 will you ?10) 陈述部分是there be结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。There is someth ing wrong with your watch, is nt there? There will not be any trouble, will there?11) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible, is nt it?He is not unkind tohis classmates, is he?并列句an 和，并且， work hard, and you can pass the exam.but 但是h

49、e is rich but he is not happy.Or否则，要不然，或者(在否定句中表和)Hurry up, or you ll belate.so 因此，所以 Kate was ill so she didn t go to school.For 因为 I have to stay up late, for I have a lot of work to do.状语从句当状语从句的引导词为If, whe n, before, after, un til, as soo n as等，主句和从句有下列情况：?从句用陈述句语序。?主句与从句的关系。A .主现从不限；B .主过从过；C .

50、真金不怕火炼。The earth moves around the sun.常见的宾语从句。She says that -I hope / think / feel / won der- I won der if he will join us in the discussi on toni ght.(1) 先行词为 all, everyth ing, nothing, someth ing, anything, little, much 等不定代词时。I am sure she has someth ing (that) you can borrow.(2) 先行词被 all, every,

51、 no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。I ve read all the books that are not mine. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first book (that)he has read.(4) 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。This is the very book that bel ongs to him.般用that 而不用who（1）先行词是who或who引导的主句。Who is the girl (that) drove the car?Who (that)broke the win dow will be puni shed.主句以 There be 引导时 。 There are 200 people （that） t和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换which 而不用 that。(1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语(介词提 前)。Those are many trees un der (which) they can have a rest.在非限制性定语从句中。Football , (which)