2016年中考英语考点总动员系列 专题17 阅读理解

1、.考点十七 阅读理解 聚焦考点温习理解初中英语阅读理解的解题技巧阅读理解也是中考英语题的必考题目之一，本题型旨在考查学生阅读，理解的能力，几年来，中考英语题中的阅读理解材料新，题材丰富，考查学生综合推断能力，根据语篇猜单词意思的能力的力度加大，也考查学生关注细节的能力。所以学生往往要么没能正确理解语篇中某些句子的意思，在细节题上丢分，要么就是对语篇的整体把握不够，在综合题或者推断题方面丢分。那么到底怎么做好阅读理解这一题型呢？我将从以下三个方面谈论这个问题：一、解题思路（一）先读问题，弄清考查要点，以便能带着问题看文章，这样会心中有数，有的放矢。（二）快速浏览全文，掌握全貌，注意发现与问题有关

2、的信息，如果时间紧，至少要扫视一下起首段和尾段。再把标题和文章内容结合起来想一想，这样全文大意便清楚了。此时，不要忙于答题。（三）细读原文，捕捉相关信息词，掌握短文细节内容。这是解题的关键，应特别注意以下几点：1 抓住四个W和一个H，就是边读边用铅笔做些标记，把What (事件)，When（时间），Where（地点），Why（原因），How（经过）划出来。抓住了四个“W”和一个“H”，就抓住了文章的全貌，一些直接性的问题便可解决。2抓住连接词及起关键作用的副词、代词、介词、插入语等。因为这些词具有因果，让步，递进，转折，指代，列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能。这对考生分清文章层次，辨明

3、各种关系，了解人物心理，推断作者意图，进行逻辑推理等手段来分析难点，都具有举足轻重的作用。3 注意领会文章的寓意。 4根据题意，初选答案。这一步须仔细审题，领会测试要求，确定解题方法。对那些明显的，有把握的题可以断然确定，不必把其余三个答案再作推敲而浪费时间：有些略难的题，应再查阅短文（不是重读一遍），迅速找出依据，予以排除。常用的解题方法有如下几种： 直接解题法。即从原文中直接找出答案。 归纳解题法。对于不能从原文中直接找出答案的可在把握全文中心和线索的前题下进行概括、归纳得出正确答案。 综合推理法。读者需统观全文，认真分析，综合推理及至计算，最后归纳出正确答案。题干中有suggest, c

4、onclude, conclusion, probably, reason, because, according to“等字眼时，属于推断概括型，考查内容着眼于全篇，考生应具备一定的分析归纳，推理等逻辑思维能力。 捕捉关键词。在阅读时应该注意与问题相关的同义词，近义词，反义词或同位词等信息词来得出正确答案。 转换解题法。即原文这么说，而在问题和所给选项中则用另外的词去转换一种说法，但仍表示同一含义。 排除法。根据语言，句法结构，信息词和常识，在没有把握的选项中用排除法得出正确答案。 四、重读原文，仔细斟酌核对答案。在解完最后一道题后，如果时间允许，再将原文读一遍；用全文的主题思想统率各思考题

5、，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，目的在于对所做答案进一步审查，推出未解答的题，以便减少失误。二、题型分类初中英语阅读理解往往有以下三大题型，抓住它的解法和思路，就可以顺利做好这些题目：（一）选择符合文章的选项（二）判断正误（三）根据文章内容回答问题，现今该题型归纳在任务型阅读中，此处不做详解。中考英语阅读理解解题技巧阅读理解是中考英语试卷中的重头戏，是初中英语教学大纲的集中体现，而且占分比例较大，是应该极为重视的题型之一，英语要想拿高分，对阅读理解题目就一定不能忽视。中考中阅读理解的题材非常广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等；体裁多样，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文等，采用单项选择的考查形式，测

6、试点集中，考查角度灵活。那么，如何做好中考中的阅读理解呢第一、是要排除心理障碍，不要因为自身词汇量小，阅读文章中有较多的“拦路虎”，而对之望而生畏，造成紧张心理，导致越读越慌，越慌越难的窘境，从而影响正常的答题。对于阅读文章中的生词问题，我在后面会详细谈一下。第二、忌不带问题阅读。要先看题干，弄清题目要求，带着问题有目的地进行阅读，这样就能把握方向，同时也可边阅读边选出考查表层情况问题的答案，提高阅读效率及答题的正确性。第三、是要切忌一个词一个词割裂地理解，或将无关的词硬凑在一起理解，以致无法获取句子语义及特定语境中篇章的意义，造成信息流中断，曲解或偏离题意。第四、是要善于抓关键句和主题句。文

7、章的第一句或最后一句往往是文章或段落的关键句或主题句，对文章的理解起着重要的作用；同时要学会正确猜测词义，有机地联系上下文，读了上文，猜测下文，不要逐词翻译，造成前后脱节，缺乏语感，以致于理解错误。第五，充分利用语篇中的文字或图表形式等基本信息，准确地捕捉关键事实和细节，进而归纳出主旨大意，领会全文的逻辑关系，弄清作者的写作意图等，进行推理判断，挖掘字里行间的深层内涵。第六，完成选择时，看其是否与文中内容相矛盾，有无文中信息支持点，再有就是看它是否完全符合题目的要求；如果让你判断其标题的话，要看文章表达的是人还是事，从而推断其标题内容。所有的选项必须以文章为基础，不要随意发挥想像或联想。第七，

8、忌忽略时间。做阅读理解题时，一定要从整体上控制时间，时间分配根据文章的难易程度有别。文中一两处没弄懂的地方可以暂且放置一边，等把全部题做完后，再回头来处理。因为做完题后，你的心情相对放松了往往会产生新的思路、新的灵感。即使做完题后时间所剩无几了，你再把未处理的题猜测一下也不晚，因为你仍然有选对的可能性。第八，良好的阅读习惯。这个要靠平时的培养。克服阅读时不必要的附带动作，如头部转动、用手指或铅笔逐个点词等等；避免朗读，人看的速度要比读快2倍，朗读必然影响阅读速度；不要逐词逐词地看，这样既影响速度又影响理解。正确的方法是头部不动，用眼睛去扫描，这样既能提高速度又能整句理解。有很同学告诉我，他们最

9、怕在阅读时碰到生词。接下来呢，我就想具体谈谈在阅读的时候，遇到一些生词该怎么办，一个人词汇量再大，在阅读英语文章时也难免会遇到生词，这就需要我们去猜测该词的词义。猜测词义可以通过上下文进行逻辑推理，也可通过语法进行分析判断，有时还要依靠常识和经验。考试的时候是不允许带字典的，出题的人在设计理解题时，设计者往往在四个选项中设计出一个似是而非的答案。这样答案干扰性特别强，容易迷惑考生。很多同学碰到了文章的生词，影响了阅读速度不说，头疼的是甚至于不能理解文章的本意，如果发现一个看似正确答案时就草率定案，自然而然也就在下面的答题不知该选哪一个，往往会掉进设计者设置的“陷阱”里,答错的几率自然增大。其实

10、文章中大部分生词的意思都可以通过上下文的关系猜出来的，下面我就介绍一些猜词的技巧：1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是责备。2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由

11、and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于行星这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义

12、的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。3.通过构词法猜词 在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，如前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等； 后缀- ment表名词，如develop、development，stat

13、e、statement，argue、argument等； 后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词；如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter，sci- ence、scientist，art、artist等，这些问题便不难解决了。4. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time.Then there is a dry period，or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即dr

14、ought，由此可见drought意思为久旱，旱灾。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。5.通过句法功能来推测词义 例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，o

15、ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。6.通过描述猜词描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地

16、描述了该鸟类的生活习性。名师点睛典例分类【例1】The Little Prince was written by a French pilot and writer Antoine de SaintExupery. It is one of the most famous books around the world. It was published in 1943. This story has been translated into 42 languages and was adapted(改编) into a movie.The little prince lives on a sm

17、all planet alone. He leads a happy life. One day the winds brings him a seed. The seed then turns into the loveliest flower he has ever seen. He takes good care of the flower, but finally he decides to leave it and his planet in search for a secretthe most important thing in his life.During his jour

18、ney in space, the little prince meets a king, a businessman, a lamplighter and a geographer. They all live alone on different planets. At last he finds out the secret from a fox of the Earth. Before he returns to his planet, he tells his secret to the writer of the book, whom he meets in the desert.

19、 The secret is: the power of love.When you read this touching and sincere story of the little prince, you cant help smiling and feeling the beauty of life and love in your heart.56. Where did the writer of The Little Prince come from?A. England B. France C. America D. Canada57. After reading the pas

20、sage, we cant know_.A. who wrote the bookB. when the book was publishedC. what is the book aboutD. who adapted the book into a movie58Who told the little prince the secret?A. A fox.B. A king.C. A geographer.D. A businessman.59. The underlined word “ touching” means “_”in Chinese.A. 无聊的B. 感人的C. 惊讶的D.

21、 失望的60. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. The story has been translated into 24 languages.B. The secret is the power of knowledge.C. The little prince met the writer of the book in the desert.D. The king, the businessman, the lamplighter and the geographer live on the same p

22、lanet.【答案】56.B57.D58.A59.B60.C考点：故事类阅读。【例2】Samuel Osmond is a 19-year-old law student from Cornwall, England. He never studied the piano. However, he can play very difficult musical pieces by musicians such as Chopin and Beethoven just a few minutes after he hears them. He learns a piece of music by

23、 listening to it in parts. Then he thinks about the notes in his head. Two years ago, he played his first piece Moonlight Sonata（奏鸣曲）by Beethoven. He surprised everyone around him.Amazed that he remembered this long and difficult piece of music and played it perfectly, his teachers say Samuel is unb

24、elievable. They say his ability is very rare, but Samuel doesnt even realize that what he can do is special. Samuel wanted to become a lawyer as it was the wish of his parents, but music teachers told him he should study music instead. Now, he studies law and music.Samuel cant understand why everyon

25、e is so surprised. “I grew up with music. My mother played the piano and my father played the guitar. About two years ago, I suddenly decided to start playing the piano, without being able to read music and without having any lessons. It comes easily to me -I hear the notes and can bear them in mind

26、-each and every note,” says Samuel.Recently, Samuel performed a piece during a special event at his college. The piece had more than a thousand notes. The audience was impressed by his amazing performance. He is now learning a piece that is so difficult that many professional(专业的) pianists cant play

27、 it. Samuel says confidently,” Its all about super memory-I guess I have that gift.”However, Samuels ability to remember things doesnt stop with music. His family says that even when he was a young boy, Samuel heard someone read a story, and then he could retell the story word for word.Samuel is sti

28、ll only a teenager. He doesnt know what he wants to do in the future. For now, he is just happy to play beautiful music and continue his studies.61. What is special about Samuel Osmond?A. He has a gift for writing music. B. He can write down the note he hears.C. He is a top student at the law school

29、.D. He can play the musical piece he hears.62. What can we learn from the passage?A. Samuel chose law against the wish of his parents.B. Samuel planned to be a lawyer rather than a musician.C. Samuel thinks of himself as a man of great musical ability.D. Samuel studies law and music on the advice of

30、 his teachers.63. Everyone around Samuel was surprised because he _.A. received a good early education in music B. played the guitar and the piano perfectlyC. could play the piano without reading music D. could play the guitar better than his father64. What can we infer(推断) about Samuel in Paragraph

31、 4?A. He became famous during a special event at his college.B. He is proud of his ability to remember things accurately(精确地).C. He plays the piano better than many professional pianists.D. He impressed the audience by playing all the musical pieces.65. Which of the following is the best title of th

32、e passage?A. The Qualities of a Musician B. The Story of a Musical TalentC. The Importance of Early Education D. The Relationship between Memory and Music.【答案】61.D62.B63.C64.B65.B考点：故事类阅读。【例3】 How do students spend their spare time after finishing their homework? Watch TV, play computer games, or go

33、 outside to relax? Heres a good example. Tim and Kerry Meek are both teachers. They live in the UK with their two daughters: eleven-year-old Amy and nine-year-old Ella. Recently, the Meek family has become the focus of the whole country after they completed 100 different outdoor activities in one ye

34、ar. The Meek couple didnt want their children to spend all their free time in front of the TV and become “couch tomatoes”. So about one year ago, the Meeks decided that watching TV and playing computer games were not permitted. Instead, they set 100 tasks for the two girls to do outside. Although Mr

35、. and Mrs. Meek are not outdoor activity fans, they took part in all the activities to encourage their daughters. It turns out that the two sisters really had a good time joining activities. Every holiday and weekend, whether its sunny, rainy or snowy, the Meeks would set off to try the activities o

36、n their list, including hiking, sailing, climbing, skiing, and so on. The two little girls not only had a wonderful time, but also learned a lot of skills from the activities. They were even able to stand up in front of their school to give a talk for charity. “Our friends spend a lot of their free

37、time doing things which are harmful to their health. Luckily, weve had the chance to experience something different.” Amy and Ella also helped their parents to draw up a new list of challenges for the next 12 months. So we should do more outdoor exercises to keep healthy in our spare time.71. What a

38、re Tim and Kerry Meek? (No more than 4 words.) _72. Why did the Meeks become the focus of the UK? (No more than 10 words.) _ 73. When did the Meeks go out to do the activities? (No more than 4 words.) _ 74. What did the two little girls learn from the activities? (No more than 4 words.) _ 75. What s

39、hould we do to keep healthy in our spare time? (No more than 6 words.)_【答案】 71They are both teachers.72Because they completed 100 different outdoor activities in one year.73Every holiday and weekend.74A lot of skills.75We should do more outdoor exercises.考点：任务型阅读。【点睛】阅读理解靠的是扎实的语言基础。俗话说：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。扎实

40、的语言基础来自平时严格的基本功训练和长期的知识积累。只要平时刻苦用功，打下扎实的英语知识基础，又掌握了较科学的解题方法做“阅读理解”题是不会太难的。我们学习英语不只是和别人交流，更重要的是，要通过阅读报刊书籍，研读名著，了解风土人情，生活习惯，科学技术的发展与进步等等。读文章必须理解，怎样才能验证初学者是否掌握了所阅读的文章呢？一般有回答根据短文内容所提的问题，有给出题干，留一个空，再给几个答案，让答题的人根据短文内容来确定正确的答案；也有在题干上留一个空，由答题人直接填写所缺的单词（有些难度比较大的题，则将要填写的词的首字母给出）。无论是哪一种题型，要想解这一类题，必须建立在理解文章内容的基

41、础上，否则就是一句空话。课时作业能力提升1. If you have no special plans for your holidays , why not spend your time helping others?More and more young people in the US volunteer to spend their school holidays working for others. And they dont do it for money . Here are some of their stories. Alice Hamilton, 17 Im going

42、 to help the forest Center build new hiking paths in the mountains. Its going to be terrific . I will spend the whole summer living in a tent and breathing the fresh mountain air. Im going to sleep under the stars . It will be a nice sport , and I will be able to do something good at the same time!

43、Jason Moore , 18 This summer , Ill volunteer with Special House Program. They build good , low-cost houses and sell them to the poor . Theyll teach me what to do , so I am going to help people and also have a chance to learn how to build houses. Trish Anderson , 16 Im going to teach children choose

44、and read books that they like . I want to be a teacher . Every day , Im going to help children choose and read books that they like . I want to be a teacher , and I love children and reading , so this is going to be a great experience for me .31. What does Alice volunteer to do in summer ?A. To slee

45、p under the stars . B. To help build new hiking paths in the mountains .C. To be house designer. D. To spend the whole summer living in a tent .32.From the passage , we know that Jason Moore . A. is 18 years old B. likes reading C. isnt very rich D. likes children 33 wants to be a teacher .A. Alice

46、Hamilton B. Jason Moore C. Trish Anderson D. The writer 【答案】31.B32.A33.C考点：社会现象类短文阅读。2What is “American” food ? To many people , American food means hamburgers, hot dogs , and fried chicken . However , are those the only kinds of food in the U.S.?Except for Thanksgiving turkey , its hard to find a t

47、ypical “American” food . The United States is a land of immigrants（移民) . When people move to America , they bring their cooking styles with them . So Americans eat food from many different countries. Thats why you can find almost all kinds of ethnic (异国风味的) food in America, such as Italian pizza , M

48、exican tacos (墨西哥饼) and Chinese fried rolls. But they dont taste quite like the real taste of the food . As a large country-style cooking, take a trip to New England and try seafood dishes , and travel through the Midwest for baked food. Now Americans live at a fast speed and often have some fast fo

49、od. One of the most common quick American meals is sandwiches . Some Americans also choose to eat unhealthy food, but others prefer “all natural” eating habits. They refuse to eat any food with additives(添加剂). American culture is a good example of the saying : “You are what you eat.” The different k

50、inds of food show the different kinds of personal taste . Anyway , its all American. 37. Which food is mentioned in the passage ？ hamburgers pan cakes turkey Chinese fried rolls Italian noodlesA. B. C. D. 38. The saying “You are what you eat” means .A. 入乡随俗 B. 想吃就吃 C. 食如其人 D. 你吃你的39. People can find

51、 almost kinds of ethnic food in America because .A. America has many foods from different countries B. the United States is a land of immigrants C. America is a large country D. America has many foreign food factories 40. From the passage , we know that .A. the typical “American” food is American fa

52、st food B. the style of food in South America is baked food C. all the Americans like to eat natural food D. it is hard to find a typical “American” food 【答案】37.B38.C39.B40.D40.D主旨大意题。通读全文可知这是很难找到典型的“美国”的食物。故选D。考点：故事类短文阅读。3Last Tuesday, after doing all the family shopping in town, I wanted to have a

53、 rest before catching the train. So I bought a newspaper and some chocolate and went into a station coffee shop with long tables to sit at. I put my heavy bag down on the floor, put the newspaper and chocolate on the table to keep a place, and went to get a cup of coffee. When I came back with my co

54、ffee, there was someone sitting near to me. It was one of those strange-looking young men, with dark glasses, torn clothes, and long hair. But I wasnt surprised at such a young man. What surprised me most was that he had started to eat my chocolate! I was rather uneasy about him, but I didnt want to

55、 get into trouble. I just looked down at the front page of the newspaper and took a bit of chocolate. The boy looked at me. Then he took a second piece of my chocolate. I could hardly believe it. Still I didnt say anything. When he took a third one, I felt more angry than uneasy. I thought, Well, I

56、shall have the last piece. And I got it. The boy gave me a strange look and then stood up. As he left, he shouted out, This woman is crazy! Everyone looked at me. That was embarrassing（令人难堪） enough. But it was worse when I finished my coffee and ready to leave. It wasnt my chocolate I had eaten a moment before. Mine was just under my newspaper.34. The woman tellin