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1、Reading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning） 15minutesUniversities Branch OutAs never before in their long story, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the prima

2、ry means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantages. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geo

3、political stability.In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global car

4、eers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborativ（合作的）research programs to advanee scienee for the benefit of all humanity.Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades

5、the number of studentsleaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from devel

6、oped to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates

7、 at America bsest institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education

8、 abroad.Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2, 200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the

9、 United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships （实习）abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity and providing the financial resources to make it pos

10、sible.Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease atShanghai s F

11、udan Universitiyn, collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xus Yale lab is more productive, tha

12、nks to the lower costs of conducing research in China, and Chinese graduate students and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new techn

13、ologies, from the mainframe computer and integrated circuit of the 1960s to the internet infrastructure（基础设施）and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally c

14、reated by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of his model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechno

15、logy companies have set up shop around the university.For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has

16、been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflations since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome

17、, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote

18、the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of

19、 foreign students seeking admission to U.S. Universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U .K. Objections from Americans university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by

20、many as unwelcoming to international students.Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation -being throughs well their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp t

21、hat welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the states and like immigrants throughouthistorystrength the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United Statesbecome ambassadors for many of its most cherish

22、e（珍 视）values whe n they retur n home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few Instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 1 上作答。1 . From the first paragraph we know that pre

23、sent - day universities have becomemore and more research-oriented in-service training organizations more popularized than ever before a powerful force for global integrationA.B.C.D.2. Over the past three decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increasedby2.5 millionby 800,000at an annual r

24、ate of 3.9 percentat an annual rate of 8 percentIn the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science andA.B.C.D.engineering are foreign-born?A.4.A.B.C.D.5.3.10% B. 20% C. 30% D . 38%How do Yale and Harvard prepare their undergraduates for global careers? They organize a series of

25、seminars on world economy They offer them various courses in international politicsThey arrange for them to participate in the Erasmus programThey give them chances for international study or internships collaboration with Fudan University on genetic research s helping Chinese universities to launch

26、 research projects s student exchange program with European institutions s establishing branch campuses throughout the worldAn example illustrating the general trend of universities globalization is A . YaleB. YaleC. YaleD. Yale6A. B.What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?It houses m

27、any companies spun off from MIT and HarvardIt is known to be the birthplace of Microsoft CompanyC.D.7.A.B.C.D.8.It was intentionally created by Stanford UniversityIt is where the Internet infrastructure was built up What is said about the U.S. federal funding for research?It has increased by 3 perce

28、ntIt has been unsteady for yearsIt has been more than sufficientIt doubled between 1998 and 2003The dramatic decline in the enrollment of foreign students in the U.S after September11 was caused by .9. Many Americans fear that American competiveness may be threatened by foreignstudents who will .10.

29、 The policy of welcoming foreign students can benefit the U.S. in that the very best ofthem will stay and .That s enough, kidsa little while and my son was the fourth or fifth child hed I went over to them, picked up my son, turned to the boy and said, t push. ” What happened next was unexpected.” S

30、tella says, “I thought disciplining herIt was a lovely day at the park and Stella Bianchi was enjoying the sunshine with her two children when a young boy, aged about four, approached her two-year-old son and pushed him to the ground.“I wdatched him for shoved, ” she says. ” firmly, No, we don “The

31、boy s mother ran toward me from across the park, was coming over to apologize, but instead she started shouting at me for child . All I did was let him know his behavior was unacceptable. Was I supposed to sit back while her kid did whatever he wanted, hurting other children in the process?otherGett

32、ing your own children to play nice is difficult enough. Dealing with people s children has become a minefield.s house its encoIn my house, jumping on the sofa is not allowed. In my sister For her, it s about kids being kids:“If yothurecae,nwhentcdaonityoaut do it?Each of these philosophies is valid

33、and, it has to be said, my son loves visiting his aunt s house. But I find myself saying “no” a lot when her kids are over at mine. That OK between sisters but becomes dangerous territory when you re talking to the children of friends or acquaintances.“Kids aren at ll raised the same,”agrees Profess

34、or Naomi White of Monash University. “But there is still an idea that theyre the property of the parent. We see ouchildren as an extension of ourselves, so if you resaying that my child is behaving inappropriately, then that s somehow a criticism of me. ”In those circumstances, its difficult to know

35、 whether to approach the child directlyor the parent first. There are two schools of thought.“Id go to the child first,” says Andrew FuTlrliecrk,yaKutihdsor. of“Usually a quietremin der that we don t do that here is eno ugh. Kids haveafiitetlyntune直 觉）for how to behave in different settings.”He poin

36、ts out bringing it up with the parent first may make them feel neglectful, which could cause problems. Of course, approaching the child first can bring its own headaches, too.This is why White recommends that you approach the parents first. R”aise your concerns with the parents if theyre there and a

37、sk them to deal with it,” she says.Asked how to approach a parent in this situation, psychologist Meredith Fuller answers: “Explainyour needs as well as stressing the importance of the friendship. Preface your remarks with something like:I know you ll think I m silly but in my house I dont want.”Whe

38、n it comes to situations where yourecaring for another child, white is straightforward:“common sense must prevail. If things dont go well, then have a chat.Therere a couple of n ew rgey areas. Physical punishment, once accepted from any adult, is no longer appropriate. “Nowyou candto it without feel

39、ing uneasy about it, ” White says.Men might also feel uneasy about dealing with other peoples children. M”en feel nervous, ” White saysA. ne”w set of considerations has come to the fore as part of the debate about how we handle children. ”For Andrew Fuller, the child- centric nature of our society h

40、as affected everyone, ” The rules are different now from when today psarents were growing up, ”he says. ” Adults are scared of saying,Dont swear , or asking a child to stand up on a bus. Theyworried that there will be conflict if they point these things out - either from older children, or their par

41、ents.”He sees it as a loss of the sense of common public good and publiccourtesy （礼貌）, and says that adults suffer from it as much as children.Meredith Fuller agrees, ” A code of conduct is hard to create when you world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in w

42、hich nice people are perceived to finish last.”“It s about what Im doing and what I need, ” Andrew Fuller says.kid came home from school and said, Igot into trouble , and dad saiYd,ou probably deserved it a,re over. Now the parents are charging up to the school to have a go at teachers. ”This jumpin

43、g to our children desfense is part of what fuels the “walkingon eggshells ” feeling that surrounds our dealings with other peoples children. You knowif you remonstrate（劝诫）with the child, you re going to have to deal with the parent. Itadmirable to be protective of our kids, but is it good?“Childrenh

44、ave to learn to negotiate the world on their own, within reasonable boundaries, ” White says, “I tshuastpitecst only certain sectors of the population doing the running to the school -better -educated parents are probably more likely to be too involved. ”White believes our notions of a more child-ce

45、ntred society should be challenged. “Today we have a situation whre, in many families, both parents work, so the amount of time children get from parents has diminished,” she says.“Also, sometimes when we talk about being chi-ldcentred, it s a way of talking about treating our children like commodit

46、ies；商品）.we recentred on them but in ways that reflect positively on us. We treat them as objects whose appearance and achievements are something we can be proud of, rather than serve the best interests of the children.One way over-worked, under-resourced parents show commitment to their children is

47、to leap to their defenee. Back at the park, Bianchi irstervention（干预）on her son s behalf ended in an undignified exchange of insulting words with the other boyAs Bianchi approached the park bench where she up to her and congratulated her on taking a stand. reputation for bad challenged. ”Andrew Full

48、er people s kids.behaviour and his mum for even,I re living inThe days ws motttidngb,eoethnesri mums came“ Apparently the boy had a longstanding worse behaviour if he wasdoesnbt elieve that we should beLook at kids that ayroeunr own asat potential minefield,afraid of dealing with other” he says. Her

49、ecommends that we dontstay silent over inappropriate behaviour, particularly with regular visitors.1. what did Stella Bianchi expect the young boy s mother to do when she talked to him? A） Make an apology.B) Come over to in terve ne.C) Disci pli ne her own boy.D) Take her own boy away.s children?s k

50、ids are2. What does the author say about deali ng with other peopleA) It s important not to hurt themainy way.B) It s no use trying to stop their wrongdoing.C) It s advisable to treat them as one s own kids.D) It s possible for one to get into lots of trouble.3. Accordi ng to Pro fessor Naomi White

51、of Mon ash Un iversity, whe n onecriticised, their parents will p robably feelA) discouragedB) hurtC) pu zzledD) overwhelmeds kids misbehave accord ing to An drew4. What should one do whe n see ing other peopleFuller?A) Talk to them directly in a mild wayB) Comp la in to their parents p olitelyC) Si

52、mply leave them aloneD) Punish them lightly5. Due to the child-ce ntric n ature of our society,A) parents are worried whe n their kids swear at themB) people thi nk it improper to criticise kids in p ublicC) people are reucta nt to point our kids wron gdo ingsD) many con flicts arise betwee n parent

53、s and their kids6. In a world where every one is exhausted from over work and lack ofs easy for people to become impatient s difficult to cre 戒 code of con ducts important to be friendly to everybody s hard for people to admire each othersleepA) itB) itC) itD) it7. How did people use to res pond whe

54、 n their kids got into trouble at school?A) They d question the teachers.B) They d charge up to the school.C) They d tell the kids to calm down.D) They d put the blame on their kids.8. Pro fessor White believes that the no ti ons of a more child-ce ntred society shouldbe.s parents treat their childr

55、eg as someth in9. Accordi ng to Pro fessor White, todaythey.10. Andrew Fuller suggests that , when kids behave inappropriately, people shouldnot.2008年12月四级考试真题A bookless life is an incom plete life. Books influence the depth and breadth of life.They meet the n atural 47for freedom, for exp ressi on,

56、 for creativity and beauty oflife. Lear ners, therefore, must have books, and the right type of book, for the satisfact ion of their need. Readers turn 48 to books because their curiosity concerning all manners of thin gs, their eager ness to share in the exp erie nces of others and their n eed to49

57、 from their own limited en vir onment lead them to find in books food for the mind and the sp irit. Through their read ing they find a dee per sig nifica nee to life as books acquaint them with life in the world as it was and it is now. They are presented with a50 of huma n exp erie nces and come to 51 other ways of thought and liv ing. Andwhile 52 their own relati on shi ps and res pon ses to life , the readers ofte n find that the 53 in their stories are going through similar adjustme nts, which hel p to clarify and give sig nifica nee to their own.Books p rovid