2019动词ing形式作主语和宾语(知识梳理)精品教育.doc

1、动词-ing形式作主语和宾语动名词是非谓动词的又一种形式。它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为-ing形式。这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语， 而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。动名词-概述动名词是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示（以及物动词write为例），不及物动词没有语态的变化。时态/语态主动被动一般式writi ngbeing written完成式havi

2、 ng writte nhavi ng bee n writte n动名词-动名词的结构和形式动名词的否定结构动名词的否定结构由not加动名词组成。如：Trying without success is better tha n not trying at all.实验没有成功也比不实验好。He hated himself for not hav ing work hard.他悔恨自己没有用功。I m sorry for not having telephoned you before.很抱歉，没有早给你打电话。He felt sorry for not hav ing done the wo

3、rk well.他为没有把工作做好感到难过。I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going.我看不去对你倒好了。（not going是动名词一般式的否定形式）There is no denying the fact that he is diligent. （no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定）动名词复合结构通常情况下，动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动词的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语-物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构，这种结构在句中可以作主语，宾语等。（1）逻辑主语是有生命的名词作

4、主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。如：Do you think my going there will be of any help?你看我去会有什么帮助吗？（宾语）The student s knowing English well helps him in learning French.这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。（主语）Do you mi nd my（me） smok ing ?你介意我抽烟吗？(宾语)They insist on Mary s (Mary) going with them there.他们坚持要玛丽跟他们

5、一起去那儿。(介词宾语)(2) 逻辑主语是无生命名词是，通常只用名词普通格。如：Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗？Is there any hope of our team winning the match ? 我们对赢得比赛有希望吗？(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this， that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody,anyone 时，只用普通格。如：She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外

6、面喊叫的人吵醒了。动名词的形式(一般式，完成式和被动式)(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的 动作之后。如：We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词after, on, upon, 或 for 之后， 常用一般式代替完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for

7、 the first time. 我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn t help crying.一听到这个糟糕的消息，母亲就禁不住哭了起来。Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了，请原谅。Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。We wer

8、e praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。(3) 动名词的被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时，用被动语态。如：I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。He doesn t m

9、ind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。动名词的作用 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1、作主语Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是愉快而 是痛苦。动名词作主语，有时先用 it 作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。 如：It is no use/no good c

10、rying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。 动名词作主语的几种类型动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。 在这里仅就

11、动名词在句子中作主语 的情况进行讨论。动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况：1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如： Swimming is a good sport in summer.2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词 (真实主语 )置于句尾作后置主语。 动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如： It is no use telling him not to worry.常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better， wonderful ， enjoyable ，interesting ， foolish ，difficult ， useless， sensel

12、ess， worthwhile ，等。注意： important ， essential， necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。3. 用于“ There be吉构中。例如：There is no saying when hell come. 很难说他何时回来。4. 用于布告形式的省略吉构中。例如：No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ).No parking.5. 动名词的复合结构作主语当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时， 常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格， 构成动名词的 复合结构 （这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语）。动名词的

13、复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 动名词作与动词不定式作主语的比较动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。 在意义上相近。 但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象 动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较：Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much.1）在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。2）在 It is no use., It iSno good.,It is fu n.,It i”a

14、waste of time.等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语：It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.3）在疑问句中,通常用动名词的复合结构,而不用不定式的复合结构作主语： Does your saying that mean anything to him ？*Does it for you to say that mean anything to him ？4）在“ There be句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式

15、作主语：There is no telling what will happen.It is impossible to tell what will happen.5）当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时,要遵循前后一致的原则, 主语和表语在形式上要求统一：Seeing is believing.*To see is to believe.2、作宾语（1）作动词的宾语某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有： advise, allow , permit, avoid, consider,enjoy,finish ,give up, cannot hel

16、p,imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind,miss,put off,delay,practise, resist,suggest, depend on, think about , set about, succeed in, worry about , burst out, insist on, can t stand be used to, get used to,devote to look forward to ,pay attention to , get down to 等。如：They went on walking and never st

17、opped talking. 他们继续走,说个不停。I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。（2）作介词的宾语We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work ？ 我们休息呢还是开始干活？(3) 作形容词的宾语The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很

18、值得多听几遍。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。3、作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或 what 引导的名词性从句。表语动 名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。 (Cleaning the windows is your task.) What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being

19、laughed at is what I hate most.)4、作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：a walk ing stick = a stick for walk in g=a stick which is used for walk inga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape

20、for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping 动名词的逻辑主语带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致 时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格， 这便构成了动名词的复合结构。 其中物主 代词(名词所有格) 是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作 主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如：Her coming to hel

21、p encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)Jane s being careless caused so much trouble简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。(=That Jane wascareless caused so much trouble.)What s troublinghtem is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。(=What troubling them is that they have no enough

22、food.)在口语中， 如果动名词复合结构作宾语， 其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格， 名词所有格常 用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：Would you mind my/me using your computer ？ 用下你的电脑介意吗？The father insisted on his son s/his son going to college.爸坚决要求儿子上大学。Mary s不可用 Mary) being ill made her mother upset.玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。His ( 不可用 Him)smoking made his family a

23、ngry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。 在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格：a. 无命名词The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义Have you ever heard of women practising boxing ？ 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this ？ 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事 吗？ 动名词的时态和

24、语态 一般式 writing 主动语态 being written 被动语态 完成式 having written 主动语态 having been written 被动语态 其否定形式是在 doing 前加上 not1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的 动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如：I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。 Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：I don

25、 t remembearvhing met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。 Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help.谢谢你费力帮忙。3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：I don t like being laughed at in public.在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：I am very pleased at your having been honoured

26、 with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之 前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。I don t remember ever meeting somewhere我记不得原来在什么地方见过。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累 赘，尤其是在口语中。如：I forget once being ta

27、ken （having been taken ） to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我 忘了。（5） 动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义， being 不可省 略。如：She is afraid of being taken to the public.她怕被领到大众面前。动名词 - 常见题型1) 动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数2) 在动名词和不定式中，作为介词的宾语是动名词3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词，通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语 例：I would appreciate back this afternoon.A .

28、you to call B . you call C . you calling D . you re callin( Key : C; 换成 your calling 也对)4) 另外还有一些接 -ing 形式的常用说法it nsogood; it s no/little/hardly any/ us;e it s not/hardly/scarcely u;seit s worthwh;ilespend money/time; there s;nothere s no poin;tinthere s nothing worse th;anwhat s the use/point. 有很多动

29、词后面既可以加上 -ing 形式，也可以用不定式。 如: start, begin, like, love, hate, dislike, go on, stop, remember, forget, mean, regret, try, be afraid 等。比较一下这些动词加上动名词和不定式的区别:start 和 beginLet s start/begin to swim.= Let s start/begin swimming.Let s start our journey.Let s start the car.We are beginning/starting to work h

30、ard.They got up, beginning/starting to study.like, dislike, love, hateWe like painting in the open air.He hates talking with strangers.I love to show you around our school.I like singing very much but I don t like to sing right now with so many people around me.go on to do禾口 go on doingAfter eating

31、two burgers, he went on to talk about his experience in Norway.Although it has been two hours, he is still going on talking about his life.stop to do禾口 stop doingThe movie is on. Please stop making any sound.He didn wtant to stop to move back to China.What he wants to do is to stop being silent to t

32、alk about the truth.remember to do 和 remember doingI remember sending the email. I don t know why he still hasn t got it.Remember to write every detail on your paper so that nothing can be missed.forget to do 和 forget doingI am terribly sorry to have forgotten to send the email.I forgot sending the

33、email. （Maybe I did, maybe not. I am not sure.）=I forgot whether I sent the email or not.He totally forgot that he had sent the email. mean to do 和 mean doingPlease don t cry. I didn t mean to hurt you.Price of daily food is going up, which means paying more money. regret to do 和 regret doingI regre

34、t to say/to tell you/to inform you that you failed in the exam.Now she has already regretted marrying that rich man who was as old as her father. try to do 和 try doingHe has been trying to lose some weight but in vain.Try to make more friends in college.He tried calling him but no one answered. be a

35、fraid to do 和 be afraid of doing She is afraid to go into the dark alley alone. They are afraid of losing more money.He is afraid to go back home because he is afraid of being punished by his parents. 动名词 - 动名词与现在分词的同与不同 动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加 -ing 。在现代语法中，这两种 形式同视为 “-ing 形式 ”。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它

36、们都是由动词变化而成的， 它们都保留了动词的某些特征， 它们都能带自己的宾语、 状语， 而构成动名词短语或是现在 分词短语去担当句子成分。例如：Speaking in the public ， he will surely be very cheerful . （现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public. （动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。 区别：1、动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语，区别方法是： 作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事， 此时系动词相当于 “是 ”，通常把主语和表语的位 置互换，

37、语法和意思不变，例如：My hobby is swimming. 可改为 Swimming is my hobby.（ 可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换 ）现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质，不能与主语互换位置，例如：The story is interesting . 不可改为： Interesting is the story. 动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词，两者的区别在于： 动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途， 而现在分词修饰名词时性质、 状态或动作等。 试 比较： a swimming boy 和 a swimming suit前者的意思是 “一个正在游泳的男孩 ”，即

38、a boy who is swimming ，现在分词 swimming 表 示被修饰名词 boy 的动作；而后者的意思是 “游泳衣 ”，即 a suit for swimming ， 动名词 swimming 表示 suit 的用途 a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car前者的意思是 “一个正在睡觉的孩子 ”，即 a child who is sleeping ，现在分词 sleeping 表示被 修饰名词 child 正处于的状态；而后者的意思是 “卧车 （被用来睡觉的车厢 ）”，即 a car which is used for sleeping ，动名词 sleeping 表示 car 的用途？ 动名词 - 动名词作主语、宾语和表语1）作主语。例如：Fighting broke out between the South and the