完全版英语词汇学名词解释Word版

1、传播优秀Word版文档 ，希望对您有帮助，可双击去除！第一章 word1.Word - A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章 formation 11. Morpheme - A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph - Some morphemes are realized by more t

2、han one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.3. Free morphemes (Free root) - They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.4. Bound Morphemes - They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words.5. Bound root - A bound root is

3、 that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.6. Affixes - Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional af

4、fixes - Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes - Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes - Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes

5、- suffixes are affixes that come after the word.11. Root - A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Stem - a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.第四章 formation 21. Affixation - affixation is generally de

6、fined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2. Prefixation - is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Suffixation- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）- is the formation of new words by join

7、ing two or more stems.4. Conversion- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.5. Blending- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a lo

8、nger word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.7. Acronymy- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8. Back-formation- is a process of word-formation by w

9、hich a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit. 第五章 meaning1. Reference - the relationship betweenlanguageandtheworld.2. Concept- which beyond language, istheresultofhumancognition, reflecting the objectiveworldinthehumanmind.3 .Sensedenotest

10、herelationshipinsidethelanguage.4. Motivation-accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 5. Onomatopoeic Motivation-These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. 6. Morphological Motivation-Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words an

11、d the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 7. Semantic Motivation-refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. 8. Etymological Motivation-The history of the word explains the meaning of the word9 .Grammaticalmeaningrefertothatpartofthemeani

12、ngofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationships.10 .Lexicalmeaning-isconstantinallthewordswithinorwithoutcontextrelatedtothenotionthatthewordconveys.11.Conceptualmeaning（denotativemeaning）themeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning12.Associativemeaningthesecondarymeaningsu

13、pplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itisopen-endedandindeterminate13.Connotativemeaning-theovertonesorassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning14.Stylisticmeaningstylisticfeaturesmakethewordsappropriatefordifferentcontexts.15.Affectivemeaningthespeakersattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.第六章 Sen

14、se Relations and semantic Field 23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms I. II. Initialisms-are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund. III. IV. Blends-are words that are co

15、mbined by parts of other word12. Opaque Words-Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words-Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent w

16、ords: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man). 14. Morphs-Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 15. Allomorps-Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in

17、 a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/. 16. Derivation or Affixation-Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding w

18、ord-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation. 17. Polysemy the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.18. Diachronic approach Diachronically， polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic

19、structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language， it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.19. Synchronic approach synchronically， polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of va

20、rious meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning （secondary meaning）.20. Radiation a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each

21、of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.21. Concatenation meaning “linking together”， is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until， in many cases， there is not a sign of connection between the

22、sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the begining.22. Homonymsare generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.23. Perfect Homonymsare words identical both in sound and spelling， but d

23、ifferent in meaning.24. Homographsare words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.25. Homophones （most common）are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.26. Synonymsare words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the sam

24、e in meaning.27. Absolute Synonymsare words， which are identical in meaning in all its aspects， i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning， including conceptual and associative meanings.28. Relative synonymsare similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meanin

25、g or different degrees of a given quality.29. Antonymsare words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms （according to the semantic opposition ）1） Contradictory terms these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive

26、 and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.2） Contrary terms a scale running between two poles or extremes. 3） Relative terms consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a social relationship that one of them can not be used with

27、out suggesting the other， the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent.Hyponymydeals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is， the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. These specific words are known as hyponyms（下义词

28、）. For instance， tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term（上义词） and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms（下义词）.第七章 changes in word meaning1.Extension （generalization）It is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is genera

29、lized to cover a broader or less definite concept.2. Narrowing （specialization） It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.3.Elevation or ameliorationrefers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.4. Degradati

30、on or pejoration of meaning It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5. Transfer It is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to different but related thing.第八章 contextThe extra-linguistic

31、context may extend to embrace the entire culture background.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical contextLexical Context refers to the words occur together with the word in question. Grammatical context The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in w

32、hich it occurs.第九章：idioms1.Idiomidioms consist of set phrases and short sentences， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.2.Characteristics of idiomsa. Semantic unity - Idioms each consist of more than one word， but each is a semantic unity. Thou

33、gh the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual meaning. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom fun

34、ctions as one word.b. Structural Stability the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable.True idioms the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents.Regular combination the speaker of the regular collocations， the meaning of the idiom can be underst

35、ood from the literal meaning of the constitute.Semi-idioms the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit.1. Idioms nominal in nature （名词性） have a noun as the key word and function as a noun.2.Idioms adjective in nature （形容词性）- function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessary adjectives.3.Idioms verbal in nature（动词性） this is the largest group.Phrasal verbs idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.4. Idioms adverbial in nature （副词性）5.Sentence Idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings includi