浅析英汉翻译中的不对等性-文学学士毕业论文

1、145.2 Study the Original Information Carefully6. Conclusion 15Bibliography 16Ack no wledgeme nts 17AbstractEugene A. Nida, the American eminent theoretician on translation proposed the standard of translation -functional equivalence. He advocated the translations and the originals for the equivalenc

2、e on function of the language, rather than on the formal of the language. Peter Newmark, the English educator and theorist on translation also mentioned that In my view, equivalent is not so much the purpose of any translation, but a desirable result.Both of the translation scholars mentioned above

3、have indicated to the need for translation of equivalent , but in reality it is very difficult to grasp, because the translation is one of the most complex and most difficult activities, it involves peoples cognitive, aesthetic, language, cultural awareness,translation knowledge and many other facto

4、rs. Equivalent is just an ideal state we are in the pursuit of in the translation of practice, which could not achieve in our reality.In this essay, I describe the inequivalence in English-Chinese translation from four aspects-thevocabulary, part of speech,thinking differences and cultural differenc

5、es, and put forward the method that how to handle the relationship between inequivalence and equivalence to achieve the best results by anglicizing concrete examples.Key words:Chinese-English translation； inequivalence；中文摘要美国当代著名的翻译理论家尤金. 奈达( Eugene A. Nida )提出了“功能对等”( functional equivalence)的翻译标准，他

6、主张让 Translation 和原文在语言的功能上对等，而不是在语言的形式上对应。英国翻译教育家和理论家彼得纽马克(Peter Newmark 也曾提到“在我看来， 等效与其说是任何翻译的目的， 还不如说是一种可取的结果。 ” 这两位翻译学者都提及翻译中需要“对等”，但是在现实当中却是很难把握的，因为翻译 是人类最复杂、最困难的活动之一，它涉及人的认知、审美、语言文化素养、对翻译的认 识等诸多因素，这种“对等”只是人们在翻译实践活动中所追求的一种理想状态，要达到 绝对的对等是不可能的。本文主要先阐述英汉翻译中不对等性的定义，从词汇、语序、思维差异、文化差异等 4个方面阐述了英汉翻译中存在的不

7、对等现象， 而且以具体实例为切入点 , 提出在翻译过程 中如何处理好对等与不对等的辩证关系 , 以求达到最佳的翻译效果。关键词 ：汉英翻译；不对等性；解决1.IntroductionAs we all know, translation is a kind of cross-language, cross-cultural communicative activity that uses a language to express the meaning in another language to convey them to meet the needs of communication

8、thoughts and cultures to promote the social civilization, in particular, to promote a thriving target language culture and the English translation is an activity that the translator converts the English text written for English readers to the Chinese readers.In a text, we can express its main signif

9、icance with another language, but it is absolutely impossible to achieve 100 percent of the equivalent and faithful as any kind of language will be influenced by its specific cultural. Guan Shijie, the professor in Department of Journalism and Communication of Beijing University, mentioned that Tran

10、slation is not completely possible, and completely the impossible is not. all the worlds translation activities are conducted in these two extremes. in his book cross-cultural study.Eugene A. Nida, the American eminent theoretician on translation proposed the standard of translation -functional equi

11、valence. He advocated the translations and the originals for the equivalence on function of the language, rather than on the formal of the language. His book “ translationtheory and method， which written by himself and Charles R Taber ， tells that the translation is from the semantic to the style in

12、 the target language using the most proximate and most natural reproduction of the original language of the other language information. Both Fan Cunzhongs accurate and Taber and Nidas meaning of reciprocity , they only reflect a kind of translation community vision and goals. One language is complet

13、ely re-expressthemselves possible with another language, but entirely accurate is impossible. Language is the shell of thinking, human thinking is decided by the exist. As each language has its own unique national history, national culture and national psychology background. Therefore, this gulf bet

14、ween the Chinese and English is self-evident.2. Literature reviewEnglish Translation of the unequal nature of the subject in a foreign country has more in research, particularly in the foreign translation industry, which on this subject more in-depth analysis and research, foreign study for this iss

15、ue to focus on from the national and cultural differences, the asymmetry of language. Domestic and exotic cultural differences and try to make these differences disappear in the translation process, while in the target language to find accurate words to a foreign culture is reproduced in the target

16、language. American contemporary tran slati on theorists - Euge ne. Nida (Euge ne A. Nida) proposed the Fun cti on al (fun cti onal equivale nee) the tran slati on of sta ndards on tran slati on in dustry has an importa nt in flue nee.Apart from cultural differences to prove unequal nature of transla

17、tion, the translation of foreign scientists also from the translation style of the English translation on the equivalence of asymmetry an alysis and research, a Ian guage used to express in ano ther Ian guage is completely possible, but completely accurate and absolutely on the other is impossible.B

18、ut in China, compared with other topic, the more complete system or not, the main difference from the cultural background is also in terms of interpretation and narrative in Translation asymmetry. As each Ianguage has its own unique national history, culture, national psychology background, so in di

19、fferent Ianguages of English that this gulf between the self-evide nt.With the translation of research advances, right, etc. and not the evaluation of translation quality of key indicators, again in some new perspective to attract peoples attention, this also in creases in the vocabulary, parts of s

20、peech, word order, three aspectsof the Tran slati on of asymmetry to On, en riched in Tran slatio n asymmetry of theoretical research. Previous research which has mainly elaborated theory of translation does not exist entirely on the fact that such, but how to deal with reciprocity and asymmetry by

21、the few. In this thesis, the practical approach of theory, from specific examples as the starting point, made in the translation process such as how to deal with not so good on the dialectical relati on ship, in order to achieve the best Tran slati on Qualities.3. The Definition of the Inequivalence

22、 in English-ChineseTranslationTranslation is to use a Ianguage (target Ianguage) to another Ianguage (source Ianguage) expressed by the ideological content of an accurate and complete re-expressed in the Ian guage of the activities. Specially, finding the source Ian guage text materials of the equiv

23、ale nts in the target Ianguage so as to achieve the bilingual translation between the equivalents. That is to say, translation practice, the central issue is the question of translation equivalence. Between human Ian guage and world culture exist in a con siderable com mon ality, which is tran slate

24、d to achieve the objective laid the foun dati on, but the Ian guage is self-c on tain ed, and its unique n ature is differe nt from other Ian guages ofte n strike a tran slati on equivale nt barriers. Although the tran slator largely elim in ates these obstacles, but whether it is in the form or in

25、content, or in style, tran slati on, compared with the orig in al, there are vary ing degrees of “ faithf uln essof the lost. Therefore, the tran slati on equivale nt can on ly be relative terms, to strike a target Ian guage and source Ian guage is absolutely right and others are impossible.Based on

26、 the above analysis, the concept of inequivalentce is here. What exactly is the in equivale ntce in the tran slati on of En glish-Ch in ese? With regard to the defi niti on of the con cept, it very difficult to search for releva nt in formati on in the press books, and eve n on the n etwork. However

27、, with the reference of some scholarssummary of the discussion I reach a conclusion about its con cept, thats in the process of tran slati on, in flue need by the differe nt historical backgrounds, customs, cultural traditions, translator should understand these differences to adopt the habit of Ian

28、guage to express the meaning of the original Ianguage, to ensure the correct ness and smooth ness of the tran slati ons.In this essay, I describe the in equivale nce in En glish-Ch in ese tran slati on from four aspects-the vocabulary, word order, thinking differences and cultural differences, and p

29、ut forward the method that how to han dle the relati on ship betwee n in equivale nce and equivale nce to achieve the best results by an gliciz ing con crete examples.4. The Four Inequivalence in English-Chinese Translation4.1The Inequivalence of Vocabulary in English-Chinese TranslationEn glish and

30、 Chin ese Ian guages on the nu mber of very differe nt in terms of vocabulary, and along with the con ti nu ous developme nt of society and scie nce and tech no logy, vocabulary is still evo Iving updated vocabulary betwee n the two Ian guages de-lattice phe nomenon is in evitable. This point is cal

31、led on members of the family is well reflected. China has a centuries-old feudalistic family rule, family members also have a strict closeness, graded on a scale, such as paternal and maternal relatives called absolutely cannot be con fused, the tart, Peter as the direct desce ndant blood relati on

32、ship, and un cle, un cle were con sidered as relatives .Similarly, the gra nddaughter and gra nddaughter is also differe nt. Not take into acco unt that, regardless of all occasions to use English as the corresponding word granddaughte” is not up to the real equivale nt in the tran slati on.4.1.1 Th

33、e Inequivalence of VocabularyAs the smallest basic unit of Ianguage, vocabulary is a mirror of Ianguage history, which reflects the national awareness to this world in many ways, so when we translate English into Chinese, the quality of vocabulary translation would affect the whole translation. Tran

34、slators should take notice of the words exact meaning during the handle a translation, but it is very difficult to grasp the significance, especially in English, whose vocabulary is great. In lexicology, vocabulary does not have its own meaning, but have one in a passage, and linguistics also shows

35、that the meaning of vocabulary is in use.The follow ing are some examples:Example：Original: The force of habit in millions and tens of millions is the most formidable.Translation1：几百万人和千百万人的习惯势力是最可怕的。Tran slatio n2：千百万人的习惯势力是最可怕的。Analysis: Translation1中，译者把 millions和tens of millions逐字译成 几百万人”和 千百 万人

36、”虽然符合忠实”的原则，但是语意重复，过于啰嗦。Translation2中只用了千百万 人”，但涵盖了 millions 和 tens of millions 的意思，虽然词汇不对等，但是 Translation 依然 准确，比 Translation1 更好。Example：Original ：The delegate of a certain country challenged the other developed countries to match his country s contribution.Tran slatio n1：某国代表向其他发达国家挑战，做出数额相当的捐款。T

37、ran slatio n2：某国代表向其他发达国家叫板，也做出了数额相当的捐款。Analysis:英语的“ challenge在汉语中一般翻译为 挑战”，但实际上challenge主要是指个体 对个体的挑战，而不是个体对集体的挑战，在汉语中， “挑战”并没有这种区别，所以原文 中的challenge不能直接译成 挑战”而是译成 叫板”或者 攀比”会比较好。An English word not only has a clear concept of the meaning, but also may have some associated meaning. In English-Chines

38、e translation, if do not understand the vocabulary thoroughly, we may easily lead to the translation ambiguity, distortion or even error. Therefore, the translator must take a high literary accomplishment, and constantly expand their knowledge in order to translate a high-quality work.4.1.2The Inequ

39、ivalence of Part of SpeechIn English-Chinese translation, the inequivalence of vocabulary will affect the quality of translation; the inequivalence of part of speech will have a certain impact on the translation, either.Chinese and English on the division between the parts of speech is basically the

40、 same, but there is no definite article and prepositions in the Chinese language. There are some differences in syntax, and sometimes the translator would convert part of speech to ensure the fluency of the passage or be impacted by the habit of thinking, such as nouns in English, when translated th

41、em into verbs, adjective to noun and so on.The following are some examples:Example:Original ： In his five consecutive speeches， Mark indulged in violent attacks on the government.Translation1：在五次一连串的演讲中，马克沉浸在对政府的攻击当中。Tran slatio n2：在五次一连串的演讲中，马克一味地对政府进行猛烈的攻击。Analysis： Translation2中把原文中的动词indulge （沉浸

42、沉迷于）译成了副词 一味 地做”既把马克一直攻击政府表现了出来，还体现了攻击的程度，讲动词的效果生动传神地展示出来。Example:Original： The more carbon the steel contain，sthe harder and stronger it is.Translation1：钢的含碳量越高，它就越强越硬。Tran slatio n2：钢的含碳量越高，强度和硬度就越大。Analysis:形容词hard和strong前面加上定冠词the用来表示钢的两种性质。All in all, part of speech conversion is a very flexibl

43、e in the English-Chinese translation, there is no fixed format. If applied mechanically, it can only deviate from their way. Language is not only the primary way that people communicate, but also an art. Language translation in the conversion of the part of speech should be to achieve the purpose of

44、 communication.4.2The Inequivalence of Word OrderWord order is another syntactic phenomenon we should pay attention to. Generally speaking, the main structure of English and Chinese languages are the same, thats subject, predicate, object (predicative).However, the difference between these two langu

45、age is that English word order is more flexible for its morphological changes, in the interjectional sentence, inverted sentence, interrogative sentence, negative sentence , emphatic sentence and other sentences have their own word order inversion phenomenon to a certain degree. In other words, Chin

46、ese word order structure is relatively fixed for the absence of morphological changes, and the inverted sentence is rare, and sometimes only the object would be in advance just to strengthen the tone. So during the English-Chinese translation, we generally use the normal “ subje,ctpredicate structur

47、e and the object should be advanced.English and Chinese have great differences between vocabulary and grammar, which cause difference in word order. For more complex sentences, the form to get one to one correspondence is difficult, even in thesimple sentences. The following are some examples: Examp

48、le:Original ：With the last hours of the afternoon went her hope，s her courage and her strength. Tran slatio n1：随着那天最后的几个小时过去，她的希望、勇气和力量一起消失了。Tran slatio n2：她的希望、勇气和力量都随着那天下午的最后几个小时一起消失了。Analysis： Translation1 按原句次序来翻译，不符合汉语表达习惯，致使句子文理不通， 而Translation2采用了还原成正常语序，既表达了原文的意思，又符合汉语的表达方式。Example:Original：

49、 Following the roar， out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.Tran slatio n1： 只老虎大吼一声，呼地从林子里窜了出来。Tran slatio n2：随着一声吼叫，呼地从林子里窜出一只老虎。Analysis：原句中的分词following the roar移到了句首，构成了倒装句，这种倒装结构 一般应该按英语的语序来译；而 Translation1 把原句进行了还原时没有必要的；相反，在 Tran slation中采取了对应的翻译方法，收到了突出成分和强调语义的双重效果。Points from the above ana

50、lysis, we can see that translation is not equivalent to the corresponding form; and in most cases, the formal correspondence is impossible. The so-called form of the formal correspondence is only relative terms; this means that mainly refers to the translation equivalent of striking a sense equivale

51、nt.The subject and predicate are the normal word order in English or Chinese, but sometimes in order to emphasize a particular element in a sentence, there would be a large number of inverted sentences in English.4.3. The Inequivalence Caused byThinking DifferencesAs the saying goes, A side water an

52、d soil raises a side people, limited by the political system, geographical location and historical factors, there is a big difference on the way of thinking between Chinese and Western.Sun Zhili, the Professor in PLA Foreign Language Institute, explicitly pointed out that in the book New English-Chi

53、nese Translatio:nThe Chinese emphasis on figurative thinking, intuition and synthetic, while the Westerners are emphasis on logic thinking, evidence and analytic.Now let the nations people who like concrete, good at the comprehensive to read another nations language whose people like the abstract an

54、d are expert in the analysis. The result they may cause is that the translators make some mistakes when they deal with the English-Chinese translation for lack of getting the exact meaning of the English texts or sentences, which often makes it difficult to understand for the Chinese.The following a

55、re some examples:Example:Original ： He sits up late.Tran slatio n1：他坐到很晚。Tran slatio n2：他熬夜熬到很晚。Analysis： Translation1 中，译者因为没有仔细琢磨词语的语义，而是停留在表层意思 造成了误译，译者认为sit是一个持续性的动词，所以理解为持续到很晚”但实际上，situp 是一个英语俗语，意为 “熬夜，不睡 ”，所以正确的译法是为 Translation2.Example:Original： He was born in a small town of Hunan Province a

56、t six thirty on the morning of August22， 1951.Tran slatio n1:他出生在湖南的一个小县城，于早晨六点三十分，八月二十二日，一九五 一年。Tran slati on2：他一九五一年八月二十二日早晨六点三十分诞生在湖南的一个小县城。An alysis :表示时间、地点的状语在同时使用时，在汉语中通常是由大到小、由远及 近，而英语则大体与汉语相反，Translation2是正确的Translation。Way of thinking is closely related to the language, different way of th

57、inking reflects the different language forms. In English-Chinese translation, we must be able to convert the language content according to their characteristics to make sure that translation would be more natural and more accurate.4.4. The Inequivalence Caused by Cultural differencesWith diverse eth

58、nic heritage features and cultural information, English and Chinese have some differences caused by geography, history, religion, customs and other aspects of life, which also makes it difficult to translate.In practice of translation, the two different languages have their own dependent cultural ba

59、ckground, so it is hard for us to achieve full equivalence. In order to ensure that readers will understand the translation correctly, the translators will consider more from the readers.4.4.1 The understanding of cultural differences of thingsExample:Origi nal: High build in gs a nd large mansions are spri nging up like mushrooms