财政学第01章财政与财政学的产生与发展.ppt

1、中国金融出版社,中国金融出版社,2,2021/1/6,Chapter 1 The Origin and Development of Finance and Public Finance,Lesson3 The contents, perspectives and methods of public finance,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,中国金融出版社,3,2021/1/6,In this chapter, stu

2、dents are required to master the financial origin and development, as well as financial nature, characteristics and concepts. They should understand the evolution of the financial theory in China and the West, and should be familiar with the content, perspectives and methods of studying Public Finan

3、ce,Learning Objectives,中国金融出版社,4,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Origin of Finance () The Process of Fiscal Origin Finance is an ancient historical category, and it emerges with the development of social productivity and the emergence of the state. Early in primitive soci

4、ety, the environment is very bad for human beings. In order to resist the invasion from the outside world, people can only gather together and produce extremely few labor products shared by all members, using the most primitive means of production and working together. With the improvement of produc

5、tivity, animal husbandry and handicrafts began to separate from agriculture, and a simple exchange of commodities traders appeared, so, in addition to meeting the minimum needs of the people,the products produced by the whole community are also in the surplus. Thus, private ownership also produces,中

6、国金融出版社,5,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Origin of Finance () The Process of Fiscal Origin Since then, due to the amount of uneven private property occupied by people, the divison between rich and poor is gradually intensifying, and society as a whole is splitting up into

7、 two great classes directly facing each other-slaves and slave owners. In order to consolidate its dominance, protect its vested interests and suppress the revolt of the slaves, the slave-owner class established military, police, courts and prisons and other violent governing institutions, which mar

8、ks the birth of slave-owners revolt,中国金融出版社,6,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Origin of Finance () The Process of Fiscal Origin State, as an administrative organization, needs to consume some physical materials to maintain its own existence and perform its functions, alth

9、ough it does not engage in producing the physical materials in itself and it does not directly create wealth. Thus, country compulsively and gratuitously possesses part of the social products to meet its need, relying on its own political power as well as the use of faxes and other forms. In this wa

10、y, in the distribution of the social products, the distribution of the social products participated by country with its own political power is independent, which is called financial allocation,中国金融出版社,7,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Origin of Finance ()The Conditions of

11、 Financial Origin From the above-mentioned process it can be seen that the generation of the finance needs to meet two conditions: one is the economic conditions, the other is the political one. Economic conditions refer to the material basis of generating finance. If the level of productivity in a

12、society is extremely low, there is no surplus, the possibility of financial generation does not exist. Only when the productive forces reach a certain level, and the surplus products emerge, the material basis of financial generation can be produced,中国金融出版社,8,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Develop

13、ment of Finance,The Origin of Finance ()The Conditions of Financial Origin Political conditions refer to the power guarantee generated by finance. Only when society develops into a certain stage and the contradiction of two great opposite classes- the poor and the rich, becomes irreconcilable, power

14、 organ, that is, state will appear which safeguards the interests of the ruling class. Establishing a state and setting up the violent ruling authority provide right guarantee to the country gratuitously possessing part of social products. At the same time, the emergence also means the generation of

15、 finance,中国金融出版社,9,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Origin of Finance ()The Conditions of Financial Origin Obviously, finance is not only a historical category, meanwhile, it is also an economic category and even a political category,中国金融出版社,10,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin

16、 and Development of Finance,The Development of Finance Finance emerges from the emergence of state, and it develops with the development of state. It goes through slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, and socialist society in succession. Correspondingly, forming into slavery finance, fe

17、udalism finance, capitalist finance and socialist finance which provide services to state power with different social formations,中国金融出版社,11,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Development of Finance In different historical periods, finance, as the countrys allocation, is acco

18、mpanied with the development of commodity monetory economy and the social progress, and its distribution formation experiences the conversion from physical form to currency form. The form of its income transits from tribute, taxes and government-industry-based income to taxes, bonds and even currenc

19、y issue; its expenditure focus is also oriented from worship, wars, the royal families, government pensions and others to regime construction, economic development, culture, education and technology as well as social security,中国金融出版社,12,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Dev

20、elopment of Finance In addition, new financial category also continues to emerge, such as public debt in the late feudal society, as well as national budget, financial deficit, social security and others in the capitalist period; the scope and fields of financial activities are also continuously to

21、be expanded, from public avenue and expenditure to an important means to regulate the economy by the government, and it is widely served for the government to achieve all aspects of its functions,中国金融出版社,13,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Nature and Characteristics of Fin

22、ance ()The main body of financial allocation is state or government The allocation, on the premise of the existence of state, is intensively distributed in the whole society by the government and is made by political enforcement of the country, so state is the main body of the allocation. But the ma

23、in body of the other distribution form such as bank credit allocation, distribution of corporate finance and price distribution is a bank, an enterprise or buyers or sellers of both exchangers, and the allocation under the guidance of the state is financial allocation,中国金融出版社,14,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 Th

24、e Origin and Development of Finance,The Nature and Characteristics of Finance （）The object of financial allocation (that is, target) is social products Social products refer to the sum of the goods and services produced by the workers in a country, during a given period (usually one year), and its g

25、eneral price is social products value,中国金融出版社,15,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Nature and Characteristics of Finance （）The object of financial allocation (that is, target) is social products According to Marxist Economic Theory, any social product consists of three part

26、s, that is: the part of the production value to in the process of compensating for the production has consumed (c); the value part workers to create for their own (v ); part of the value created for society by workers(M). Among them, the consumed production value also includes current asset values a

27、nd fixed assets value as two parts, the consumed value of fixed assets is reflected to extract the depreciation of fixed assets,中国金融出版社,16,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Nature and Characteristics of Finance （）The object of financial allocation (that is, target) is socia

28、l products In different periods, the state has different distribution policies on the three components of the social product or social value of the product distribution. In general, revenue mainly comes from the v and M part in the social product (value), the two parts as the new value created by wo

29、rkers, together known as the national income. Which, as value M created by workers for the community, is the base of corporate income tax, and also an important source of revenue. In addition, the State will raise fiscal funds from the V by collecting individual income tax on individual income,中国金融出

30、版社,17,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Nature and Characteristics of Finance （）The purpose of financial allocation is to meet the financial needs that state or government achieve its functions State functions such as consolidation of political power, economic development,

31、promoting the peoples livelihood progress, etc., all belong to social and public needs. The direct purpose of fiscal allocation is to achieve the state functions, and the indirect purpose is to meet social and public needs. In a sense, the state and finance is interdependent. No country, there would

32、 be no finance; and no finance providing fiscal resources, the states functions would be difficult to achieve, it is difficult to meet the social and public needs, the state itself is difficult to survive. Because taxation is the milking mother to feed the machinery of government , “taxation is the

33、economic foundation of the machinery of government. whether to consolidate political power or economic construction or not, as the countrys revenue and expenditure activities, achieving the government functions depends on financial resources to provide,中国金融出版社,18,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Dev

34、elopment of Finance,The Concept of Finance Finance is part of foreign language. According to research, the word Finance in the 13-15 century AD, originated in the Latin, and its meaning is the currency to pay. In the late 16th century, the French statesman Boudin in his book Republic of six speakers

35、 ,with the word Finance and it is written in French Finances from the Latin Finare, specifically refers to revenue and public finance activities. To the 18th century, the famous British representatives of classical political economy Adam Smith used Finance many times, in its masterpiece, the book Th

36、e nature and causes of national wealth of research . Until 1892, Bastable expressed the concept of finance with Public finance (the meaning is public finances in Chinese,中国金融出版社,19,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Concept of Finance After the founding of new China, althoug

37、h the former Soviet textbooks were introduced in, but it is for the financial understanding of the concept is not consistent. At that time the Financial definitions There are two main arguments: First, that the financial capacity of a state as the main distribution carried out; the second is that fi

38、nance is the states economic activity. After the founding of new China, although the textbook of the former Soviet Union was intrduced into China, people were inconsistent in understanding the concept of finance. At that time as for the definition of finance, there is two main arguments:The first is

39、 that finance is the allocation based on the country; the second is that finance is economic activities of the country,中国金融出版社,20,2021/1/6,Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance,The Concept of Finance Since reform and opening, with the spreading of Western finance theory, people have a furth

40、er understanding of financial knowledge, and now the usual explanation is: the finance is economic (or distribution) activity, economic behavior or economic phenomenon taking a state (or government) as the main body. And some general concept of the financial statements as: finance is an economic act

41、ivity taking state as the main body, and an activity that the government gathered a part of national income for the performance of government functions and to meet public expenditure needs, in order to achieve the objective to optimize the allocation of resources, equitable distribution and economic

42、 stability and development.No matter how to define the concept of finance, but in practice, finance performs as the governments a range of revenue and expenditure activities or the Governments fiscal activities,中国金融出版社,21,2021/1/6,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory,Chinas ancient

43、 financial thought （） Light Tax Polices Light tax policy is considered to be a more common policy in the history of Chinas financial thought. Economic thinkers of the past generally believe that the financial policy of light tax policy is not only beneficial to easing up social conflicts, but also f

44、avorable for recovery and development of social economy. For example, in Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Gong advocates that the rulers should “be diligent in work and make people richer” ;in Spring and Autumn period, Guan Zhong arranges the finance according to the view that “the first principle in runn

45、ing a state is to enrich the people,中国金融出版社,22,2021/1/6,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory,Chinas ancient financial thought （） Light Tax Polices Confucius is against tyranny and is in favor of grabbing their thin; Mencius believes that easy to raise their fields, their thin tax g

46、rabbing is the primary factor in enriching people; Liu Yan in Tang Dynasty warns his king to financial support to people and often for the first; Wang Anshi in Northern Song thinks that, financing should be done with because of the power of the world to the worlds financial health, to take the world

47、s wealth for the world of money; Wei Yuan in Qing Dynasty said more figuratively, he said, good people are endowed, which is almost like planting willow, its branches luxurying and cultivating its root; those who are poorly endowed people like cutting leek, cutting on a stretch not more than exhaust

48、ed,中国金融出版社,23,2021/1/6,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory,Chinas ancient financial thought () Living within ones income and Living out of ones income within system financial thinking This is the the two opposing views concerning with fiscal revenue and expenditure arrangements in

49、 the history of Chinas fiscal thought. （） Financial thinking Increasing income and reducing expenditure The idea advocated based on the development of production, to open fiscal sources, moderate taxes, and enrich the state and its people,中国金融出版社,24,2021/1/6,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Fin

50、ancial Theory,Chinas ancient financial thought （） Financial thinking of Government-run monopoly The idea refers to enrich the treasury not by increasing the tax but by government-run industries and businesses as well as products monopoly,中国金融出版社,25,2021/1/6,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Fina

51、ncial Theory,Contemporary Financial Theory of the West () the financial thoughts of mercantilism and physiocracy Mercantilism originated in England of the mid-16th century, and prevailed in the 17th century. It is believed that a countrys economy depends on the amount of gold in the country, that th

52、e government should intervene private economic activities by actively applying various instruments including financial means, in particular, tariff policy should be used to encourage exports to protect their trade and to exchange more gold and silver, accumulating monetary wealth,中国金融出版社,26,2021/1/6

53、,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory,Contemporary Financial Theory of the West () the financial thoughts of mercantilism and physiocracy Physiocracy originated in France of the 18th, advocating laisser-faire and against national intervention. Physiocracy shifted from the circulati

54、on fields into the agricultural production field in theory study, and thought that agriculture is the real source of material wealth, only developing agricultural production making the financial resources thrive. In taxation, it strongly advocates “single land tax”, and the landlord occupying “pure

55、production” takes the whole tax burden, and meanwhile cancels other tax,中国金融出版社,27,2021/1/6,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory,Contemporary Financial Theory of the West () the financial thoughts of classical school Adam Smith：The Wealth of Nations David Ricardo ：On The Principles

56、 of Political Economy and Taxation John Stuart Mill、 Alfred Marshall and Arthur Cecil Pigou etc. ：“Anglo-Saxon Tradition,中国金融出版社,28,2021/1/6,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory,Contemporary Financial Theory of the West （） Modern financial theory of the West 1.the financial theory

57、of Keynesian Economics （1）Implementation of economic and financial policies of national intervention. （2）Taking tax as an important means of regulating social economy. （3）Making up for budget deficits by issuing bounds,中国金融出版社,29,2021/1/6,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory,Contem

58、porary Financial Theory of the West （） Modern financial theory of the West 2.the financial theory of Monetarism, Supply-side Economics and Rational Expectation School It mainly contains monetary school, supply-side economic school and rational expectation school. They believe that a large-scale nati

59、onal intervention to economy stifles the vitality of market economy, resulting in the “stagflation” situation in 1970s,中国金融出版社,30,2021/1/6,Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory,Contemporary Financial Theory of the West （） Modern financial theory of the West 3.the financial theory of

60、 Public Choice School (1) Clearly defined property rights of public goods. (2) Within the public sector and between the sectors, competition mechanism is introduced, to reconstruct officials incentives, according to market rules to organize the production and supply of public goods, and to restraint