《商务英语阅读》PPT课件.ppt

1、Business English Reading,Can you infer the contents of the following title,Title: UKs share of renminbi trade leaps,prediction,Prereading & Predicting,When we know what the topic of a reading is, we can use our “internal” knowledge to predict information we will read. Prediction works well on at lea

2、st two levels: Prediction based on title Prediction based on paragraphs,Prereading & Predicting,Title Prediction before you read, look at the title of the text and make prediction. It may reveal the authors stance or make a claim the piece will try to support. What clue does the title give me about

3、the piece of writing. IMF changes tune on outlook What do I know or do not know about the subject before I read? IMF = 国际货币基金组织(IMF,Prereading & Predicting,Paragraphs Prediction Predictions should be done paragraph by paragraph. This means that one asks questions during the process, relying on the f

4、ormer words to get an idea of what kind of sentence is likely to follow. Then the real reading will either confirm or reject the prediction. When reading is a constant, active process of guessing, you focus more effectively on the ideas in a text,Sample Predicting Process,News Title: UKs share of re

5、nminbi trade leaps 伦敦人民币交易量大幅上升 What clue does it give me about the piece of writing. description of Renminbi trade leaps in London (share, statistics) the reasons for this leap or impact claims made by the authority What do I know or do not know about the subject before I read? Know: renminbi, UK,

6、previous trade of renminbi in UK Dont know: reasons reaction from the government/banks the influence on Londons economy,portion,Sample Predicting Process,Brief introduction Question: How did London strengthen its position as a global centre for offshore renminbi? How did new market players drive a r

7、apid rise in international trading of the Chinese currency. (statistics,Question: why? How did it happen? And who are those market players? - Reason,Structure of News Story,Brief introduction Description (narration, statistics, quotation) Reasons Explaining Conclusion description of Renminbi trade l

8、eaps in London (share, statistics) the reasons for this leap or impact claims made by the authority about this change,Prereading & Predicting,wrong prediction? The prediction, no matter right or wrong, will get our mind closer to the theme of the text to be read. There is no doubt that the reading r

9、esults will be better than the situation where we reading with a blank mind no matter if your prediction is right or wrong. When reading is a constant, active process of guessing, you focus more effectively on the ideas in a text,Exercises,Try to predict the content of the following title. First con

10、sider what you already know the topic. Then think of some questions to which the text might supply answers. Sales of Lenovo mobile devices outstrip PCs for the first time,Sample Predicting Process,Title: Sales of Lenovo mobile devices outstrip PCs for the first time” What you already know 1. Lenovo

11、mobile devices as well as its PCs. 2. background information about this company 3. sales for electronic product,Sample Predicting Process,Title: Sales of Lenovo mobile devices outstrip PCs for the first time” Questions to make predictions 1. achievements narration 2. Reasons 3. Impacts on other Manu

12、facturers of Electronic Products 4. opinions made by officials in the company,Sample Predicting Process,Features in Business Reports,More Professional Terms Typical Data Description,Professional Terms,经济新闻报道涉及一定商务理论和商务实践等方面，其语言具有极强的专业性。 不具有一定的专业知识是根本无法了解这些专业的商务英语词汇的内涵的,hard landing,The risk of hard

13、landing of Chinas economy is not foreseen at a Group of Twenty (G20) ministerial meeting as the country has seen increasing vitality, Chinese Finance Minister Lou Jiwei said Saturday. 中国财政部长楼继伟周六表示，二十国集团部长级会议没有预见到中国经济会硬着陆，因为中国的经济活力一直在增强,landing,经济“硬着陆”（hard landing）是指采用强力的财政货币政策一次性在较短的时间内通过牺牲较多的国民收入

14、将通胀率降到正常水平。一个国家实行的政策过紧，在出现大幅度通胀后，紧接着出现大规模的通货紧缩，从而导致失业增加，经济速度下滑过快。 经济“软着陆”（soft landing）是指在通货膨胀被解决的同时，经济仍然保持着适当的增长速度，各方面都未受到破坏，国民经济健康运行。下调以后可以回升，在一年之内达到甚至超过回调前的最高水平,middle income trap,Countries, including Argentina, the Philippines and Malaysia, have been stuck in this type of dilemma when heading to

15、ward becoming high income nations, a situation the World Bank refers to as middle income trap. 阿根廷、菲律宾、马来西亚等国在迈向高等收入国家的道路上都曾陷入这种两难境地，世行称之为“中等收入陷阱,middle income trap“中等收入陷阱”，是指当一个国家的人均收入达到中等水平，由于不能顺利实现经济发展方式的转变，导致经济增长动力不足，最终出现经济停滞的一种状态。 Background Information: 2010年中国人均国内生产总值（GDP）超过4000美元，达到了世界银行中等偏上

16、收入国家的标准。分析人士认为，力避一些发展中国家曾遭遇的“中等收入陷阱”，解决经济高速增长带来的潜在风险，已成为未来中国经济发展面临的重大课题,Even when the United States reaped a peace dividend of more than 2% of GDP in reduced defense spending after 1990, it cut, rather than increased, foreign-assistance spending as a share of national income. dividend 红利,股息 GDP 国民生产

17、总值 defense spending 国防支出 foreign-assistance spending 对外援助支出 share 比例,份额, 股票 income 收入 hidden income 1990 年以后削减国防支出给美国带来的和平红利高达GDP 的2%。即使在这种情况下, 美国对外援助支出在国民收入中的比例也没有提高, 相反却下降了,Professional Terms,用以反映宏观经济动态(economic dynamics)的指标, 主要有: “国内生产总值”(gross domestic product, GDP ) “国民生产总值”(gross national prod

18、uct, GNP) “国民生产净值”(net national product, NNP) “国民收入”(national income, NI) 其中, GDP 运用得最为广泛, 一般文章中讲经济增长速度是百分之几即是指GDP。GDP 是一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和提供劳务的市场价值的总值。在经济学中，常用GDP和GNP（国民生产总值、gross national product）共同来衡量该国或地区的经济发展综合水平通用的指标,Professional Terms,hidden income (隐性收入）- 在工资、奖金、津贴、补助等正常渠道之外取得的非公开性收入，如兼职

19、兼业收入，业余进行的经营收入、劳务报酬所得等。 off-the-books income (灰色收入)- 也就是没有入账的、用以逃税的正常管理之外的收入。 逃税(tax evasion) books在这里是“账簿”的意思, off-the-books也就是指“不入账的”。 “黑色收入”是illegal income（不法收入）； “白色收入”是legitimate income（合法、合理的收入）； 灰色收入是介于这两者之间的收入,Commodity futures trading is an important part of the buying and selling process.

20、futures“期货，(单数形式的抽象意义“未来”) securities 表示“有价证券”，而非“安全”， facilities 表示“ 设备，设施”，而非“容易，便利”。 cash withdrawal facility -ATM (Automatic Teller Machine 自动取款(出纳)机；) transaction 交易,业务 商品的期货交易是买卖过程中的重要组成部分,Professional Terms,提取现金的设备,在进出口时务中, 单证也是必不可少的, 常常包括商业发票(commercial invoice). 形式发票(proforma invoice) 海关发票(

21、customs invoice) 提单(bill of lading) 汇票(draft / bill of exchange ) 保险单( insurance policy ) 保险费 (insurance premium) 产地证书(certificate of origin) 检验证书( inspection certificate) 许可证( license) proper noun 专有名词,More Shortening Words,商务英语的词汇大多数都是缩略词汇(shortening words) ， 其中包含大量专业术语，具有商务含义的普通词或复合词，以及缩略词等。这一类词随

22、着使用的频率和时间增多，已被人们所接受，并成为商务英语的一大特点, Corp. corporation 公司,财团法人 FB foreign bank 外国银行 fd. fund 资金 F.O.C. free of charge 免费 imp. import 进口 in the two non-fmcg categories covered in the survey “fmcg”也是fast moving consumer goods的缩写。意思是快速消费品,B/L（bill of lading）提单 Exp.& Imp.Inc（ export-import incorporation）进出

23、口公司 forex（foreign exchange）外汇 workfare（work welfare） 工作福利制 商谈价格时涉及到terms of price (价格术语) 有: FOB (free on board, 离岸价) , CIF (cost, insurance and freight, 到岸价) 海运保险 CFR (cost and freight, 成本加运费价,More Shortening Words,Features in Business Reports,More Professional Terms Typical Data Description,世界货币符号汇

24、总,美元符号使用“ $ ” 英镑符号使用“” 欧元符号使用“ ” 人民币使用“ ” 日元使用 “,Types of Diagrams Typical Data Description,Typical Data Description,Diagrams,表格(table)、线状图(line graph)、柱形图(bar diagram)、 饼型图(pie graph)、示意图(schematic chart)、 流程图(flow chart )及组织结构图(organization structural chart,饼型图(pie graph,柱形图(bar diagram,线状图line gr

25、aph,示意图(schematic chart,share of the handset market,图表描述常用句型 1.the table shows the changes in the number ofover the period fromto 该表格描述了在年之年间数量的变化。 2.the bar chart illustrates that 该柱状图展示了 3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding 该图为我们提供了有关有趣数据。 4.the diagram shows （that） 该图向我们展示了 5.the

26、pie graph depicts （that） 该圆形图揭示了,6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of 这个曲线图描述了的趋势。 7.the figures/statistics show （that） 数据（字）表明 8.the tree diagram reveals how 该树型图向我们揭示了如何 9.the data/statistics show （that） 该数据（字）可以这样理解 10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that 这些数据

27、资料令我们得出结论,Typical Data Description,1上升或增长 表示上升或增长的词或短语主要包括,动词类 increase/ rise/ grow/ hike jump/ leap/ surge (速度快) soar/ skyrocket (来势猛) reach/ hit/ break go up push amount to shoot up move/ spiral/ upward,非动词类 an increase/ rise of a growth/ leap/ surge/ upsurge an upward trend/ movement/ spiral up f

28、rom/ to rising/ increasing to on the rise/ increase,Any differences,在上述词和短语中，表示上升和增长的程度有所区别. 像 jump, leap, soar, shoot up 和skyrocket等次表示“迅速、大幅度增加或上升”，而其他的词和短语在表达上述有意思时还须增加相应的副词或类似的短语。 astronomical 巨大,庞大的 Oil prices rose sharply from the second quarter of 2000 through to November but then eased, part

29、ly because of the global slowdown,典型的量化语言表达,The countrys urban retail sales leapt nearly 12%. The global economy in 2000 grew at its fastest pace in over a decade and a half. Actual foreign direct investment rose by 24.2% to USD$4.58 billion in the first two months of this year while contracted FDI

30、shot up by 47.1% in the same period,二)、典型的量化语言表达,2减少或下降,表示减少或下降的词和短语主要有： 动词类 decrease/ drop/ fall/ slip/ decline slide/ shrink/ trim/ dwindle/ cut slump/ collapse/ crash/ slash slacken/ slump/ dip plunge/ plummet/ nosedive move downward spiral downward slow down be reduced/ deducted,非动词类 a decline/

31、drop of a downward trend/ movement down from/ down to a downward spiral declining/ dropping to on the decrease/ decline,plunge, plummet, nosedive, slump, collapse, crash本身就含有剧烈或大幅度,急剧下降的意思， shrink, trim(收缩), 本身表示少量和小幅度的意思， In April, the wholesale price index decreased 0.7% from a year earlier. Actua

32、l investment during January-October was reduced to 3%. Third-quarter US GDP data showed that profits had dropped to 4.1percent of GDP. Growth in property sales slid 13% in October from 37% in the first three quarters of 2001. The International Monetary Fund predicts that the countrys GDP growth will

33、 dip back below 8% in 2001,对于表示增长或下降的中性词或短语，前面常常会有些表示程度或幅度的副词或短语。以下列出比较常用的一些副词和短语，从左到右变化强度依次递增。 变化幅度 Fractionally(微弱地), marginally(少量地), slightly(轻微地), markedly(显著地), greatly(非常地), considerably(相当地), substantially(本质上地) a little, a bit, rather, somewhat, a lot, a great deal, much, far 变化速度 slowly, g

34、radually, gently, quickly, suddenly, sharply, rapidly,3.平稳或趋平,表示平稳或趋平的词和短语主要有: stand/remain/be maintained at remain stable/constant/unchanged hover about (徘徊) hover/stay around level off/out,E.g. The countrys public debt to GDP ration stood at 14.6 percent-a comparatively low figure by international

35、 standards. GDP growth in the first half of this year was 7.9 percent-among the highest in the world-and is forecast to remain at 7.5 percent for the whole year. The provinces export growth rates hovered around 9% throughout 2000. Overall growth in steel demand levered out in the second half of 1999

36、,4. 比较或对比,在商务英语中，用来表示对比或比较的语言也十分丰富，生动。 表示一般性比较和对比的词和短语主要有： more/less/higher/lower than more expensive/profitable than compare sth. with sth. run above,一些具有比较和对比意义的词和短语在商务英语中也十分常见，比如： superior / inferior to senior / junior to prefer sth. To sth. prefer to do than to do would rather do than to,一些介词在商务英语中具有比较和对比的意义： The stock market this month is 20 points high on November. The October has closed 8% off its peak this