口译第十五课答案

1、. The WTO does NOT destroy jobs or widen the gap between rich and poor6.世界贸易组织没有减少就业职位或者加大贫富差距The relationship between trade and employment is complex. So is the relationship between trade and equality.贸易和平等的关系就如同贸易和就业的关系般复杂。Freer-flowing and more stable trade boosts economic growth. It has the pote

2、ntial to create jobs, it can help to reduce poverty, and frequently it does both.更为自由的流通以及更为稳定的贸易促进会经济增长。而经济的增长可以创造工作机会，减少贫困，并且常常是两者兼顾。The biggest beneficiary is the country that lowers its own trade barriers. The countries exporting to it also gain, but not as much. In many cases, workers in export

3、 sectors enjoy higher pay and greater job security.降低自身贸易壁垒的成员国是最大的受益者。出口到那的国家也能从中获益，但没这么多。在很多情况下，出口领域的工人可以享受更高的薪水以及更大的工作安全保障。However, producers and their workers who were previously protected clearly face new competition when trade barriers are lowered. Some survive by becoming more competitive. Ot

4、hers dont. Some adapt quickly (for example by finding new employment), others take longer.然而，当一国的贸易壁垒降低，之前受到保护的生产者和它们的工人们明显面临着新的竞争。其中有一些生产者通过增强竞争力而存活了下来，其它的则被淘汰。有一些工人例如通过找到新的工作而很快适应，而有一些则会花上更长的时间。In particular, some countries are better at making the adjustments than others. This is partly because t

5、hey have more effective adjustment policies. Those without effective policies are missing an opportunity because the boost that trade gives to the economy creates the resources that help adjustments to be made more easily.尤其是，一些成员国在做出调整时比其它的成员国要好。形成这种状况的部分原因是因为它们提出了更为有效的调整政策。那些没有提出有效的调整政策的国家则错失了一个绝佳

6、的机会。因为贸易对经济的推动为帮助成员国更容易的适应提供了资源。The WTO tackles these problems in a number of ways. In the WTO, liberalization is gradual, allowing countries time to make the necessary adjustments. Provisions in the agreements also allow countries to take contingency actions against imports that are particularly da

7、maging, but under strict disciplines.世贸组织通过多种方式来处理这些问题。在世贸组织内部，变革是循序渐进的，它为成员国提供了做出必要调整所需要的时间。根据协议中的条款，成员国也可以对那些特别有损害性的进口采取紧急措施，但须在严格遵守要求的情况下进行。At the same time, liberalization under the WTO is the result of negotiations. When countries feel the necessary adjustments cannot be made, they can and do r

8、esist demands to open the relevant sections of their markets.同时，世贸组织领导下的变革是谈判的结果。当成员国觉得无法做出必要的调整，它们完全可以抵制要求其开放相关领域市场的要求。There are also many other factors outside the WTOs responsibility that are behind recent changes in wage levels.最近工资标准的变化也有许多其它的非世贸组织责任的因素。Why for example is there a widening gap i

9、n developed countries between the pay of skilled and unskilled workers? According to the OECD, imports from low-wage countries account for only 1020% of wage changes in developed countries. Much of the rest is attributable to “skill-based technological change”. In other words, developed economies ar

10、e naturally adopting more technologies that require labour with higher levels of skill.例如，为什么发达国家的技术工人和非技术工人间的工资会有如此巨大的差距？根据经济合作与发展组织的统计，来自低工资国家的进口只占到了引起发达国家工资变化原因的10-20%，剩余部分原因要归因于“基于技术的科技变化”。换一句话说，发达的经济体会采用更多的高科技，而这种高科技对劳动力技术水平的要求自然会更高。The alternative to trade protection is expensive because it ra

11、ises costs and encourages inefficiency. According to another OECD calculation, imposing a 30% duty on imports from developing countries would actually reduce US unskilled wages by 1% and skilled wages by 5%. Part of the damage that can be caused by protectionism is lower wages in the protectionist c

12、ountry.保护作为与与贸易相反的另一种选择是昂贵的，因为它增加了花费，降低了效率。根据经济合作与发展组织的另一份统计显示，美国如果向来自发展中国家的进口商品征收30%的关税，则美国国内非技术工人的工资将降低1%，技术工人的工资降低5%。保护主义导致的损害之一就是降低保护国的工资水平。At the same time, the focus on goods imports distorts the picture. In developed countries, 70% of economic activity is in services, where the effect of fore

13、ign competition on jobs is different if a foreign telecommunications company sets up business in a country it may employ local people, for example.与此同时，对于进口商品的关注扭曲了这一事实。在发达国家，70%的经济活动都是在服务领域，而在该领域来自国外的竞争对工作机会上的影响是不同的，即，如果一家外国通讯公司在一国开展业务，它可以雇佣当地的人。Finally, while about 1.15 billion people are still in poverty, research, such as by the World Bank, has shown that trade liberalization since World War II has contributed to lifting billions of peo